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Author: Frederick H. Rindge
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : de
Pages : 0
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Author: Frederick H. Rindge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : de
Pages : 0
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Frederick H. Rindge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geometridae
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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"The present paper is the first attempt to define the genera of the New World Nacophorini. Owing to the very large number of species of the Ennominae, to which the Nacophorini belong, an almost complete lack of previous revisionary studies, and no earlier effort to delimit this tribe for the entire New World, the results of the present paper must be considered provisional at best; hopefully, a good starting point has been established for continuing research and understanding of the Nacophorini. A total of 187 species was studied, and 161 columns of data were obtained for each of them based on external morphology and the male and female genitalia. In a number of cases it was possible to establish the relative plesiomorphy or apomorphy for these character states. A grouping of the species resulted in their being placed in 40 genera; some of their more important characters are listed in several tables, are fully described, and are separable by using the keys to the adults based on external morphology and male genitalia. Illustrations for adults and genitalia of all genera are included. Ceratonyx, Yermoia, and Dentinalia, all previously revised by me, were found to be polyphyletic and have been subdivided. The following new genera are proposed; the type species is given only when it is described as new in this revision: Papago, Salasaca (S. spinea), Hildalgo, Cundinamarca (C. parallela), Aragua, Azuayia, Tarma, Charca (C. triquetra), Nazca, Rucana, Achagua (A. obsolete), Quillaca (Q. earina), Anischnopteris, Canelo (C. constrictus), Aconcagua, Arauco, Omaguacua, Huapianus (H. obater), and Poya. The following changes in status are proposed: Mallomus, described by E. Blanchard in the Hepialidae, was found to belong to the Nacophorini; this name takes priority over Salpis Mabille and its several synonyms. Dasystole Warren is also placed in the synonymy of Mallomus. Ischnopterix Hübner and Amblurodes Warren are synonymized under Ischnopteris Hübner. Catophoenissa Warren and Calvertia Warren are transferred to the Lithinini; Talca catophoenissoides Angulo is placed as a synonym of Calvertia fumipennis Warren. The tribe is divided into four groups based on a combination of characters including, among others, the presence or absence of a functional proboscis, a simple or complex uncus in the male genitalia, and present-day distribution. An analysis of the character states with regard to which are relatively more primitive or more derived suggests that the two most plesiotypic groups are found primarily in North America and in Chile and southern Argentina. In the New World the Nacophorini are found from southern Canada to Chile and southern Argentina, plus the Greater Antilles and the Galapagos Islands. The tribe is also known from Australia and Tasmania. This Chilean-southem South American and Australian distribution strongly suggests that the Gondwanian fragmentation contributed to the present-day distribution of the tribe. These Gondwanian elements, plus plesiotypic components in North America, indicate an ancestral distribution of perhaps pre-Gondwanian age. The Greater Antillean-Galapagos distribution, found in Thyrinteina, can possibly be explained by the ancestral moths being present on the proto-Antilles in the late Mesozoic when this volcanic archipelago connected North and South America; subsequent plate tectonic events formed the Greater Antilles in an eastern movement and the Galapagos in a southwestern shift in the middle or late Tertiary. The present distribution of Holochroa is in the southwestern United States, western Mexico, and the Tres Marías Islands; the group is not known from Baja California. This peninsula was originally part of western Mexico; it began to separate from the mainland at least four million years ago. The Tres Marías Islands are undoubtedly a fragment of the original peninsula that broke off during the rafting of the latter; the separation of Baja California was completed by late Miocene and early Pliocene. Presumably, representatives of the ancestral Holochroa were in western Mexico prior to the splitting; they, for whatever reasons, separated into two species on the Tres Marías but apparently did not survive on the Baja California peninsula"--P. 147.
Author: Frederick H. Rindge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geometridae
Languages : en
Pages : 153
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Jerry A. Powell
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520251970
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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"Two of North America's most prolific and respected specialists on moths--particularly those of the West--have combined over a century of experience and scholarship to introduce western moths of all families authoritatively to both the amateur and the experienced professional entomologist. This biologically oriented and beautifully illustrated treatment of a quarter of all known western moth species fills a long-needed void, and does it superbly."--Charles V. Covell Jr., author of A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America "This work sets a new high water mark for North American lepidopterology. Considering the authors' century of combined studies of western Lepidoptera, it is clear from the outset that no other team could have delivered a work so rich in taxonomic and life history information, much of it being original and appearing in the literature for the first time. I will read my copy more like a novel than a reference work, casting about the accounts and repeatedly flipping through the 2300 color images to better familiarize myself with our continent's rich and handsome diversity of moths. Moths of Western North America will serve as both gateway and catalyst for the study of moths for decades, and especially for microlepidopterans--for whom no like work exists in the New World."--David L. Wagner, author of Caterpillars of Eastern North America "Recent years have seen a surge of interest in moths, with growing appreciation of their amazing diversity and their great ecological importance. Information on western moths has been scattered and scarce, however, so this new volume is a tremendous step forward. Jerry Powell and Paul Opler bring a vast amount of knowledge and experience to the subject, and their Moths of Western North America is a landmark publication, instantly indispensable to anyone with a serious interest in Lepidoptera."--Kenn Kaufman, coauthor of Kaufman Field Guide to Butterflies of North America
Author: Frederick H. Rindge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geometridae
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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"The present work is the first attempt to unite all the genera of the Melanolophiini in one paper, and to give a revision of the tribe. The males can be recognized by the following group of characters: antennae pectinate, with the pectinations arising basally on their segments; abdomens are variously modified, usually having the intersegmental membrane between A3 and A4 ventrolaterally with either an invagination on each side, some with a small projecting setal tuft, or a large, very prominent double setal tuft, plus a prominent comblike paired structure of elongate, apically flattened scales on the intersegmental membrane between A7 and A8 (although this may be reduced to a flattened sclerotized band and a few setae); the inner face of the valves is never simple, having a variably developed sacculus, often in the form of a spinose process or an elongate free arm, and/or a swollen, sclerotized, spinose harpe. The females have the signum reduced or absent; otherwise they have to be associated with their males for tribal placement. The early stages of only a very few species are known; these are characterized in the mature larva by having seta SDX2 in the subdorsal region of the anterior abdominal segments, and with all the crochets of the prolegs being in one group. The Melanolophiini are restricted to the New World, where the species range from southern Alaska to southern South America. A few are known from both the Greater and Lesser Antilles, but the group is not known from Chile. Fifteen genera are recognized; Antiphoides, Arilophia, Minyolophia, Segalenara, and Tesiophora are described as new. All genera are completely described, with the adults and the genitalia of both sexes illustrated; a key to the males is provided. For some genera only brief references are made to the included species, while in others complete generic revisions are presented, with diagnoses of the previously described species and descriptions of new taxa. Included in the latter category are Anavinemina Rindge, Galenara McDunnough, and Vinemina McDunnough, as well as the newly described genera. Fifty-two new species are described. These include Anavinemina acomos, A. brachiata, A. evexa, A. lunaris, A. semicircula, A. striola, A. wellingi, Arilophia rawlinsi, Astalotesia hollandi, Carphoides durango, C. oaxaca, Galenara antilectos, G. bispicula, G. carina, G. engonios, G. ferrugina, G. leberasae, G. phoxe, G. tlaxcala, G. vernonae, Melanolophia anchicaya, M. calimae, M. mima, M. muriensis, M. necopina, M. orthogonia, M. ovata, M. peridoxa, M. plecte, M. pseudoxa, M. sullivani, Pherotesia dystactos, P. garka, P. inhamata, P. obunca, P. pedaria, P. quadra, P. ralla, Minyolophia distincta, M. hadra, M. inermis, M. parilis, M. prolixa, M. yanayacu, Tesiophora aquila, T. cerezal, T. entephros, T. exallos, T. orthe, T. pulla, Vinemina digita, and V. olivaria. These 52 new species bring the number in this tribe to just under 200; almost one-half are placed in Melanolophia. Six new combinations are proposed: Anavinemina rindgei (Beutelspacher), Antiphoides errantaria (McDunnough), A. dentata (Dyar), Minyolophia azenioides (Herbulot), Segalenara phyararia (Dyar), and Tesiophora humidaria (Schaus). There is one new status, as Pherotesia minuisca Rindge is raised to species rank"--Page 3
Author: Charles Duncan Michener
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anthophoridae
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Author: Robert W. Poole
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geometridae
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 155
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