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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309268524
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 395
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Book Description
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309268524
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 395
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Book Description
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 155
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Book Description
The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program is a controversial part of California's strategy for meeting federal air quality standards. The program has been significantly modified multiple times since it was adopted by the California Air Resources Board in 1990 and is currently being challenged in court. This report is an independent assessment of the costs and emission benefits of ZEVs and the other low-emission vehicles that manufacturers are allowed to use to meet ZEV program requirements. It reviews the program in the context of the overall strategy for reducing emissions in the greater Los Angeles area and makes recommendations for reform. The analysis and results presented should be of interest to government agencies, environmental groups, and automakers involved in developing policies to improve air quality in California. California has made significant progress in improving air quality in many parts of the state. However, substantial reductions in emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMO(3) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are still needed to meet federal standards in California's South Coast Air Basin by 2010, as required by the Clean Air Act. The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) have adopted an aggressive strategy to reduce emissions. A controversial part of this strategy is the state's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program, which requires that auto manufacturers begin selling ZEVs starting in 2003. The ZEV program is a first step in achieving CARB.
Author: Lloyd S. Dixon
Publisher: Rand Corporation
ISBN: 9780833032126
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 139
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Book Description
California's Zero Emission Vehicle ÝZEV¨ program requires that starting in 2003, a portion of the new vehicles delivered for sale in the state must produce no emissions. This study examines the costs and emission benefits of battery powered electric vehicles, direct hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, and other advanced technology vehicles, such as gasoline hybrid electric vehicles, that manufacturers may use to satisfy program requirements. The authors find that the cost of battery-powered electric vehicles per ton of emissions reduced is very high and not likely to fall to reasonable levels any time soon, and that it is too early to tell whether direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which show much promise, are an economical way to improve California's air quality. The study also evaluates California's goal of reducing the emissions of the state's light duty vehicle fleet to zero. It finds that federal air quality standards can be met without a zero emission fleet and that lower cost alternatives for improving air quality appear available. The authors conclude that instead of requiring manufacturers to meet emission reduction targets with particular vehicle technologies, California should eliminate the requirement for zero emission vehicles, tighten emission standards on light-duty vehicles, and focus on setting emission performance standards.
Author: Kelly Senecal
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 1468601466
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 301
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Book Description
In Racing Toward Zero, the authors explore the issues inherent in developing sustainable transportation. They review the types of propulsion systems and vehicle options, discuss low-carbon fuels and alternative energy sources, and examine the role of regulation in curbing emissions. All technologies have an impact on the environment, from internal combustion engine vehicles to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and hybrids-there is no silver bullet. The battery electric vehicle may seem the obvious path to a sustainable, carbon-free transportation future, but it's not the only, nor necessarily the best, path forward. The vast majority of vehicles today use the internal combustion engine (ICE), and this is unlikely to change anytime soon. Improving the ICE and its fuels-entering a new ICE age-must be a main route on the road to zero emissions. How do we go green? The future requires a balanced approach to transportation. It's not a matter of choosing between combustion or electrification; it's combustion and electrification. As the authors say, "The future is eclectic." By harnessing the best qualities of both technologies, we will be in the best position to address our transportation future as quickly as possible. (ISBN:9781468601466 ISBN:9781468601473 ISBN:9781468602005 DOI:10.4271/9781468601473)
Author: Lukas Neckermann
Publisher: Troubador Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1784628875
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
We stand at the cusp of a mobility revolution unlike anything we have seen since the days of Gottlieb Daimler and Henry Ford, 130 years ago.
Author: Kenneth S. Kurani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Consumers' preferences
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Author: Anders Skrondal
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203489438
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 528
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Book Description
This book unifies and extends latent variable models, including multilevel or generalized linear mixed models, longitudinal or panel models, item response or factor models, latent class or finite mixture models, and structural equation models. Following a gentle introduction to latent variable modeling, the authors clearly explain and contrast a wi
Author: Shashank Arora
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128181265
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles: From Concept to Reality presents a step-by-step design and development guide for heavy-duty electric vehicles. It also offers practical insights based on the commercial application of an electric city bus. Heavy-duty electric vehicle design is challenging due to a lack of clear understanding of the government policies, R&D directions and uncertainty around the performance of various subsystems in an electric powertrain. Therefore, this book discusses key technical aspects of motors, power electronics, batteries and vehicle control systems, and outlines the system integration strategies necessary for design and safe operation of electric vehicles in practice. This comprehensive book serves as a guide to engineers and decision makers involved in electric vehicle development programs and assists them in finding the suitable electric powertrain solution for a given heavy-duty vehicle application. Offers an overview of various standards and regulations that guide the electric vehicle design process and a comprehensive discussion on various government policies and incentive schemes propelling the growth of heavy electric vehicle markets across the world Provides a comparative evaluation of different electric drivetrain concepts and a step-by-step power calculation guide for heavy-duty electric powertrain Explains material selection and manufacturing methods for next generation batteries Discusses key elements and design rules for creating a robust high voltage energy storage system, appropriate packaging and its support systems including charging network Includes a concise description of torque mapping, power management and fault handling strategies for inverter drive and control systems Features case studies to better understand complex topics like charging system requirements and vehicle control system diagnostics
Author: Asif Faiz
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821334447
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
Contributions by Surhid Gautam and Lit-Mian Chan. This book presents a state-of-the art review of vehicle emission standards and regulations and provides a synthesis of worldwide experience with vehicle emission control technologies and their applications in both industrial and developing countries. Topics covered include: * The two principal international systems of vehicle emission standards: those of North America and Europe * Test procedures used to verify compliance with emissions standards and to estimate actual emissions * Engine and aftertreatment technologies that have been developed to enable new vehicles to comply with emission standards, as well as the cost and other impacts of these technologies * An evaluation of measures for controlling emissions from in-use vehicles * The role of fuels in reducing vehicle emissions, the benefits that could be gained by reformulating conventional gasoline and diesel fuels, the potential benefits of alternative cleaner fuels, and the prospects for using hydrogen and electric power to run motor vehicles with ultra-low or zero emissions. This book is the first in a series of publications on vehicle-related pollution and control measures prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme to underpin the Bank's overall objective of promoting transport that is environmentally sustainable and least damaging to human health and welfare.
Author: Lloyd S. Dixon
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780833032126
Category : Electric vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
