Author: Susan Stephenson
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781496385604
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Designed to accompany Diagnostic Medical Sonography: A Guide to Clinical Practice Abdomen and Superficial Structures, Third edition, this Workbook offers a full complement of self-study aids that actively engage students in learning and enable them to assess and build their knowledge as they advance through the text. Most importantly, it allows students to get the most out of their study time, with a variety of custom designed exercises to help them master each objective. Activities like Matching, Image Labeling, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank help students reinforce the learning Short Answer questions require students to test their understanding of chapter materials Image Evaluation/Pathology activities and Case Studies connect learning to the real-world setting by helping students apply the knowledge from each chapter
Workbook for Diagnostic Medical Sonography
Author: Susan Stephenson
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781496385604
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Designed to accompany Diagnostic Medical Sonography: A Guide to Clinical Practice Abdomen and Superficial Structures, Third edition, this Workbook offers a full complement of self-study aids that actively engage students in learning and enable them to assess and build their knowledge as they advance through the text. Most importantly, it allows students to get the most out of their study time, with a variety of custom designed exercises to help them master each objective. Activities like Matching, Image Labeling, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank help students reinforce the learning Short Answer questions require students to test their understanding of chapter materials Image Evaluation/Pathology activities and Case Studies connect learning to the real-world setting by helping students apply the knowledge from each chapter
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781496385604
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Designed to accompany Diagnostic Medical Sonography: A Guide to Clinical Practice Abdomen and Superficial Structures, Third edition, this Workbook offers a full complement of self-study aids that actively engage students in learning and enable them to assess and build their knowledge as they advance through the text. Most importantly, it allows students to get the most out of their study time, with a variety of custom designed exercises to help them master each objective. Activities like Matching, Image Labeling, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank help students reinforce the learning Short Answer questions require students to test their understanding of chapter materials Image Evaluation/Pathology activities and Case Studies connect learning to the real-world setting by helping students apply the knowledge from each chapter
Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography - E-Book
Author: Sandra L. Hagen-Ansert
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323441882
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1632
Book Description
Updated to reflect the newest curriculum standards, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th Edition provides you with the pertinent information needed for passing the boards. This highly respected text enhances your understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, the two primary divisions of sonography, as well as vascular sonography and echocardiography. Each chapter covers patient history; normal anatomy, including cross-sectional anatomy; sonography techniques; pathology; and related laboratory findings. And more than 3,100 images and anatomy drawings guide you in recognizing normal anatomy and abnormal pathology. - Full-color presentation, including color scans of gross pathology photos, where appropriate, enhances your learning expe1rience and the teaching value of the text. - Pathology tables give you quick access to clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonography findings, and differential considerations. - Pedagogy, including chapter objectives and outlines, alerts you to the important information you will learn in each chapter. - Evolve site includes PowerPoint slides, an image bank, review questions and a workbook answer key for students, and a test bank for faculty to aid in the reinforcement and teaching of sonography skills. - Sonography Findings, highlighted with icon and special type, call attention to key clinical information. - NEW! Full coverage of general/abdominal, transplantation, superficial structures, pediatrics, fetal heart, and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, along with several new chapters on vascular sonography, hemodynamics, and introduction to echocardiography, provides you with the information needed to pass the boards and succeed in clinicals. - UPDATED! Content reflects the newest curriculum standards so you have the information you need to pass the boards. - NEW! Updated images depict the latest advances in the field of sonography and help you prepare for the boards and clinicals. - NEW! Key words in chapter openers focus your attention on the terms that you are required to know and understand. - NEW! Bulleted summary lists at the end of each chapter reinforce important concepts. - NEW! A condensed bibliography at the end of the book lists essential references and guides you in the direction to obtain more information in a given area.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323441882
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1632
Book Description
Updated to reflect the newest curriculum standards, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th Edition provides you with the pertinent information needed for passing the boards. This highly respected text enhances your understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, the two primary divisions of sonography, as well as vascular sonography and echocardiography. Each chapter covers patient history; normal anatomy, including cross-sectional anatomy; sonography techniques; pathology; and related laboratory findings. And more than 3,100 images and anatomy drawings guide you in recognizing normal anatomy and abnormal pathology. - Full-color presentation, including color scans of gross pathology photos, where appropriate, enhances your learning expe1rience and the teaching value of the text. - Pathology tables give you quick access to clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonography findings, and differential considerations. - Pedagogy, including chapter objectives and outlines, alerts you to the important information you will learn in each chapter. - Evolve site includes PowerPoint slides, an image bank, review questions and a workbook answer key for students, and a test bank for faculty to aid in the reinforcement and teaching of sonography skills. - Sonography Findings, highlighted with icon and special type, call attention to key clinical information. - NEW! Full coverage of general/abdominal, transplantation, superficial structures, pediatrics, fetal heart, and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, along with several new chapters on vascular sonography, hemodynamics, and introduction to echocardiography, provides you with the information needed to pass the boards and succeed in clinicals. - UPDATED! Content reflects the newest curriculum standards so you have the information you need to pass the boards. - NEW! Updated images depict the latest advances in the field of sonography and help you prepare for the boards and clinicals. - NEW! Key words in chapter openers focus your attention on the terms that you are required to know and understand. - NEW! Bulleted summary lists at the end of each chapter reinforce important concepts. - NEW! A condensed bibliography at the end of the book lists essential references and guides you in the direction to obtain more information in a given area.
Abdomen and Superficial Structures
Author: Diane M. Kawamura
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 0397552637
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 850
Book Description
The coverage in this expanded and updated second edition will keep readers abreast of the most current trends and technologies in the field of abdominal ultrasound. Written by sonographers for sonographers, the reader is assured of accurate, efficient guidance. Beginning with a complete overview of the field, coverage includes all aspects of the medium. Pediatric and adult ultrasound are covered separately, providing a better understanding of differences and similarities. The text is organized according to organ system to ensure that the reader thoroughly understands one system before moving on to the next. More than 1,000 brilliant images illustrate both normal and abnormal features in abdominal ultrasound for use in clinical practice. The images are accompanied by summary tables, schematics, and diagrams, providing clear and cogent guidance for use in daily practice. New chapters in this edition provide the most up-to-date information on: / vascular structures / prostate / pediatric congenital hips / pediatric spinal sonography / musculoskeletal extremities and / articulations. Over 70 new color images enhance and clarify important content. Compatibility: BlackBerry® OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile™ Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 0397552637
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 850
Book Description
The coverage in this expanded and updated second edition will keep readers abreast of the most current trends and technologies in the field of abdominal ultrasound. Written by sonographers for sonographers, the reader is assured of accurate, efficient guidance. Beginning with a complete overview of the field, coverage includes all aspects of the medium. Pediatric and adult ultrasound are covered separately, providing a better understanding of differences and similarities. The text is organized according to organ system to ensure that the reader thoroughly understands one system before moving on to the next. More than 1,000 brilliant images illustrate both normal and abnormal features in abdominal ultrasound for use in clinical practice. The images are accompanied by summary tables, schematics, and diagrams, providing clear and cogent guidance for use in daily practice. New chapters in this edition provide the most up-to-date information on: / vascular structures / prostate / pediatric congenital hips / pediatric spinal sonography / musculoskeletal extremities and / articulations. Over 70 new color images enhance and clarify important content. Compatibility: BlackBerry® OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile™ Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC
Technology for Diagnostic Sonography
Author: Wayne R. Hedrick
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323277578
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
Gain a complete understanding of sonography physics and instrumentation related to clinical practice. Technology for Diagnostic Sonography provides clear, in-depth coverage of physics principles, ultrasound transducers, pulse echo instrumentation, Doppler instrumentation, clinical safety, and quality control. It includes the latest information on real-time imaging techniques, plus a comprehensive discussion of image artifacts. With wide-ranging online review questions, it also offers ample opportunities to assess your learning progress. Written by sonography and testing expert Wayne Hedrick, Technology for Diagnostic Sonography simplifies this difficult topic and allows you to demonstrate your knowledge of physics and instrumentation on exams with the ultimate goal of preparing you for success in clinical practice. - A focus on essential physics and instrumentation provides the exact technical content you need to prepare for clinical sonography practice. - Accessible, conversational writing style with real-world analogies explains physics concepts and makes this difficult topic less intimidating. - Examples and sample problems help you make the connection between theory and practical applications. - The latest information on equipment and scanning methods ensures an understanding of how to competently and safely use ultrasound instrumentation. - Comprehensive discussion of image artifacts with illustrative examples helps you recognize and eliminate artifacts. - Detailed description of performance testing with tissue mimicking phantoms allows assessment of the proper operation of B-mode scanners. - Practical guidance on the clinical use of mechanical index and thermal index enables practice of the ALARA principle when scanning patients. - Full-color format shows scans as they appear in the clinical setting. - Key terms and other learner-friendly features focus your study on important information. - Summaries of essential principles and equations reinforce the most important concepts. - Extensive review questions on a companion Evolve website allow realistic assessment of your knowledge.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323277578
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
Gain a complete understanding of sonography physics and instrumentation related to clinical practice. Technology for Diagnostic Sonography provides clear, in-depth coverage of physics principles, ultrasound transducers, pulse echo instrumentation, Doppler instrumentation, clinical safety, and quality control. It includes the latest information on real-time imaging techniques, plus a comprehensive discussion of image artifacts. With wide-ranging online review questions, it also offers ample opportunities to assess your learning progress. Written by sonography and testing expert Wayne Hedrick, Technology for Diagnostic Sonography simplifies this difficult topic and allows you to demonstrate your knowledge of physics and instrumentation on exams with the ultimate goal of preparing you for success in clinical practice. - A focus on essential physics and instrumentation provides the exact technical content you need to prepare for clinical sonography practice. - Accessible, conversational writing style with real-world analogies explains physics concepts and makes this difficult topic less intimidating. - Examples and sample problems help you make the connection between theory and practical applications. - The latest information on equipment and scanning methods ensures an understanding of how to competently and safely use ultrasound instrumentation. - Comprehensive discussion of image artifacts with illustrative examples helps you recognize and eliminate artifacts. - Detailed description of performance testing with tissue mimicking phantoms allows assessment of the proper operation of B-mode scanners. - Practical guidance on the clinical use of mechanical index and thermal index enables practice of the ALARA principle when scanning patients. - Full-color format shows scans as they appear in the clinical setting. - Key terms and other learner-friendly features focus your study on important information. - Summaries of essential principles and equations reinforce the most important concepts. - Extensive review questions on a companion Evolve website allow realistic assessment of your knowledge.
Clinical Guide to Sonography
Author: Charlotte Henningsen
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323091644
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
"I really like the design and clinical focus of this book and believe that it will stimulate critical thinking among its transatlantic target audience" (Hazel Edwards, Senior Sonographer, Lister Hospital, Stevenage) Organized by clinical problem rather than by body system, Clinical Guide to Sonography enables you to quickly find information related to the symptom being reported by the patient. This unique format covers various pathologies that may be related to a patient's symptoms, and features illustrations and sonograms that demonstrate each pathology. The book is divided into five major sections: abdomen, obstetrics, gynecology, superficial structures, and a miscellaneous section to include pediatric and vascular clinical indications. Each chapter within those sections focuses on a clinical indication, and incorporates background information, a clinical scenario, discussions of pathologies and differential diagnoses, illustrations, sonograms, patient scenarios with multiple choice and case-based questions to ensure you have a solid understanding of the material. "This book covers a wide range of ultrasound examinations looking at the clinical question first." Reviewed by: Allison Harris, Clinical Co-Ordinator, City University London, Date: Oct 14 "I really like the design and clinical focus of this book and believe that it will stimulate critical thinking among its transatlantic target audience. For UK readers, though, I feel it has less appeal." Reviewed by: RAD Magazine Date: July 2014 Symptom-based presentation makes it easy for beginning and experienced sonographers to quickly find information related to the patient's symptom. Summary tables of differential diagnoses and sonographic findings provide you with a brief overview of all chapter material for quick reference. Clinical scenarios at the beginning of each chapter help you learn to apply information to the clinical setting. Case studies and discussion questions give you the opportunity to enhance your critical-thinking skills and measure your comprehension of material. Over 900 ultrasound images correlated to the pathology illustrate what you'll encounter in the clinical setting. Glossary helps you define important terminology. New chapters provide you with more complete coverage of the pathology sonographers encounter in practice. New case studies with critical-thinking questions set up realistic situations for you to use as a frame of reference. 600 updated images produced by the latest technology keep you on the cutting-edge of sonography. Instructor access to multiple-choice and image based test questions
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323091644
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
"I really like the design and clinical focus of this book and believe that it will stimulate critical thinking among its transatlantic target audience" (Hazel Edwards, Senior Sonographer, Lister Hospital, Stevenage) Organized by clinical problem rather than by body system, Clinical Guide to Sonography enables you to quickly find information related to the symptom being reported by the patient. This unique format covers various pathologies that may be related to a patient's symptoms, and features illustrations and sonograms that demonstrate each pathology. The book is divided into five major sections: abdomen, obstetrics, gynecology, superficial structures, and a miscellaneous section to include pediatric and vascular clinical indications. Each chapter within those sections focuses on a clinical indication, and incorporates background information, a clinical scenario, discussions of pathologies and differential diagnoses, illustrations, sonograms, patient scenarios with multiple choice and case-based questions to ensure you have a solid understanding of the material. "This book covers a wide range of ultrasound examinations looking at the clinical question first." Reviewed by: Allison Harris, Clinical Co-Ordinator, City University London, Date: Oct 14 "I really like the design and clinical focus of this book and believe that it will stimulate critical thinking among its transatlantic target audience. For UK readers, though, I feel it has less appeal." Reviewed by: RAD Magazine Date: July 2014 Symptom-based presentation makes it easy for beginning and experienced sonographers to quickly find information related to the patient's symptom. Summary tables of differential diagnoses and sonographic findings provide you with a brief overview of all chapter material for quick reference. Clinical scenarios at the beginning of each chapter help you learn to apply information to the clinical setting. Case studies and discussion questions give you the opportunity to enhance your critical-thinking skills and measure your comprehension of material. Over 900 ultrasound images correlated to the pathology illustrate what you'll encounter in the clinical setting. Glossary helps you define important terminology. New chapters provide you with more complete coverage of the pathology sonographers encounter in practice. New case studies with critical-thinking questions set up realistic situations for you to use as a frame of reference. 600 updated images produced by the latest technology keep you on the cutting-edge of sonography. Instructor access to multiple-choice and image based test questions
Sonography
Author: Reva Arnez Curry
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323322840
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 705
Book Description
Without a thorough knowledge of the appearance of normal anatomy, you may have a tough time recognizing abnormalities in ultrasound images. Get a firm grounding in normal anatomy and physiology from an ultrasound perspective with Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function, 4th Edition. The new edition of this highly visual introductory text presents a wealth of ultrasound images, accompanied by labeled drawings with detailed legends, to increase your comfort with normal anatomy as it appears during scanning. Its consistent chapter format makes the content easy to navigate and reinforces the discipline of following a standard protocol to scan each area of the body. Detailed line drawings accompany most sonograms to explain what you should notice on each scan. If you do not see the structure, or are uncertain of it on the image, you can look at the diagram for confirmation. Over 1,500 images provide a thorough, visual understanding of sonography. Consistent organization with a standardized heading scheme helps you when searching for information. Content on quality control protocols in the clinical setting shows you how to recreate the most optimal scanning settings and techniques. Evolve resources provide you with additional learning tools. NEW! Full 4-color design incorporates color images within the appropriate chapter to help you understand the concepts without having to flip to the front of the book - and highlights the important points within each chapter. NEW! Three all-new chapters bring you the most up-to-date information on fetal echocardiography, laboratory values, and ergonomics. NEW! Updated sonograms demonstrate the latest and best images from the newest equipment, including 3D and 4D images. NEW! Expanded Test Bank, with new questions for each chapter, provides 1,000 questions on the material.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323322840
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 705
Book Description
Without a thorough knowledge of the appearance of normal anatomy, you may have a tough time recognizing abnormalities in ultrasound images. Get a firm grounding in normal anatomy and physiology from an ultrasound perspective with Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function, 4th Edition. The new edition of this highly visual introductory text presents a wealth of ultrasound images, accompanied by labeled drawings with detailed legends, to increase your comfort with normal anatomy as it appears during scanning. Its consistent chapter format makes the content easy to navigate and reinforces the discipline of following a standard protocol to scan each area of the body. Detailed line drawings accompany most sonograms to explain what you should notice on each scan. If you do not see the structure, or are uncertain of it on the image, you can look at the diagram for confirmation. Over 1,500 images provide a thorough, visual understanding of sonography. Consistent organization with a standardized heading scheme helps you when searching for information. Content on quality control protocols in the clinical setting shows you how to recreate the most optimal scanning settings and techniques. Evolve resources provide you with additional learning tools. NEW! Full 4-color design incorporates color images within the appropriate chapter to help you understand the concepts without having to flip to the front of the book - and highlights the important points within each chapter. NEW! Three all-new chapters bring you the most up-to-date information on fetal echocardiography, laboratory values, and ergonomics. NEW! Updated sonograms demonstrate the latest and best images from the newest equipment, including 3D and 4D images. NEW! Expanded Test Bank, with new questions for each chapter, provides 1,000 questions on the material.
Pediatric Sonography
Author: Marilyn J. Siegel
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 160547665X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 736
Book Description
Offering practitioners a complete working knowledge of the latest scanning technologies and the clinical applications of ultrasound in pediatric and adolescent patients, this edition features more than 1,800 clear, sharp images, including over 300 full-color images throughout.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 160547665X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 736
Book Description
Offering practitioners a complete working knowledge of the latest scanning technologies and the clinical applications of ultrasound in pediatric and adolescent patients, this edition features more than 1,800 clear, sharp images, including over 300 full-color images throughout.
Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants
Author: Pamela J. Carter
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781739818
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 982
Book Description
This textbook for nursing assistants will prepare students not only to function in the traditional nursing assistant role in nursing homes, hospitals, and home health, but also will prepare students to advance their careers. A nursing assistant student who uses this text will have a firm foundation by which to transition to an LPN and ultimately an RN role. The text offers a compelling art program, a direct, conversational writing style, and an emphasis on professionalism and humanism. A back-of-book CD-ROM includes an audio glossary.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781739818
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 982
Book Description
This textbook for nursing assistants will prepare students not only to function in the traditional nursing assistant role in nursing homes, hospitals, and home health, but also will prepare students to advance their careers. A nursing assistant student who uses this text will have a firm foundation by which to transition to an LPN and ultimately an RN role. The text offers a compelling art program, a direct, conversational writing style, and an emphasis on professionalism and humanism. A back-of-book CD-ROM includes an audio glossary.
A Guide to the Vascular System
Author: Ann Marie Kupinski
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781608314324
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 194
Book Description
Designed to accompany Diagnostic Medical Sonography: Vascular Imaging, this Workbook offers a full complement of self-study aids that actively engage students in learning and enable them to assess and build their knowledge as they advance through the text. Most importantly, it allows students to get the most out of their study time, with a variety of custom designed exercises to help them master each objective.
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781608314324
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 194
Book Description
Designed to accompany Diagnostic Medical Sonography: Vascular Imaging, this Workbook offers a full complement of self-study aids that actively engage students in learning and enable them to assess and build their knowledge as they advance through the text. Most importantly, it allows students to get the most out of their study time, with a variety of custom designed exercises to help them master each objective.
Ultrasound Teaching Manual
Author: Matthias Hofer
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 313243762X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
Book Description
Step by Step to Proficiency in Diagnostic Ultrasound This workbook is divided into lessons that guide you—like an instructor in an ultrasound course—systematically through the individual organ systems and body regions. Key features of the fourth edition: Special multiple-exposure photos demonstrate the dynamics of handling the transducer Triplet-image units vividly illustrate transducer positioning, the ultrasound image, and relevant anatomy Reference numbers on the accompanying diagrams help you to both actively develop your knowledge and to test it at any time. The legend located on the back cover flap is the key to the reference numbers that are used consistently in each diagram. Quiz images at the end of each chapter are the perfect tool for rigorous self-evaluation Physical fundamentals are presented in vibrant, illustrative diagrams Numerous practical tips and tricks make it easy to familiarize yourself with ultrasound A primer on ultrasound interpretation explains specialized terminology concisely and clearly Precise descriptions of algorithms for transducer positioning facilitate real-time examinations Videos (online access) showing relevant ultrasound anatomy, optimal transducer positioning, and the images you will see on the monitor during examination let you experience the content live—a perfect complement to the book that will greatly improve your retention of the material.
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 313243762X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
Book Description
Step by Step to Proficiency in Diagnostic Ultrasound This workbook is divided into lessons that guide you—like an instructor in an ultrasound course—systematically through the individual organ systems and body regions. Key features of the fourth edition: Special multiple-exposure photos demonstrate the dynamics of handling the transducer Triplet-image units vividly illustrate transducer positioning, the ultrasound image, and relevant anatomy Reference numbers on the accompanying diagrams help you to both actively develop your knowledge and to test it at any time. The legend located on the back cover flap is the key to the reference numbers that are used consistently in each diagram. Quiz images at the end of each chapter are the perfect tool for rigorous self-evaluation Physical fundamentals are presented in vibrant, illustrative diagrams Numerous practical tips and tricks make it easy to familiarize yourself with ultrasound A primer on ultrasound interpretation explains specialized terminology concisely and clearly Precise descriptions of algorithms for transducer positioning facilitate real-time examinations Videos (online access) showing relevant ultrasound anatomy, optimal transducer positioning, and the images you will see on the monitor during examination let you experience the content live—a perfect complement to the book that will greatly improve your retention of the material.