Women's Wages and Work in the Twentieth Century PDF Download
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Author: James P. Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
This report examines reasons the reported wages of women have remained constant at approximately 59 percent of men's wages during the twentieth century, and looks for explanations for the remarkable growth in the proportion of women who work. The authors examined two factors, education and work experience, as determinants of women's wages, and concluded that the constancy of women's relative wages at the 59 percent level is a myth. Instead, they found that: (1) the wages of working women did not increase relative to those of men between 1920 and 1980 because the skill of working women did not increase relative to that of men in the same period; (2) the average wages of the entire population of women have increased much faster than the wages of men during the last 60 years; (3) women's wages relative to men's jumped significantly between 1980 and 1983; and (4) women's economic status will improve significantly relative to men's over the next 20 years. They identified three demographic forces that contributed to the long-term growth in the female labor force: the increasing nuclearization of the American family, the urbanization of its population, and the long-term secular decline in fertility.
Author: James P. Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
This report examines reasons the reported wages of women have remained constant at approximately 59 percent of men's wages during the twentieth century, and looks for explanations for the remarkable growth in the proportion of women who work. The authors examined two factors, education and work experience, as determinants of women's wages, and concluded that the constancy of women's relative wages at the 59 percent level is a myth. Instead, they found that: (1) the wages of working women did not increase relative to those of men between 1920 and 1980 because the skill of working women did not increase relative to that of men in the same period; (2) the average wages of the entire population of women have increased much faster than the wages of men during the last 60 years; (3) women's wages relative to men's jumped significantly between 1980 and 1983; and (4) women's economic status will improve significantly relative to men's over the next 20 years. They identified three demographic forces that contributed to the long-term growth in the female labor force: the increasing nuclearization of the American family, the urbanization of its population, and the long-term secular decline in fertility.
Author: Alice Kessler-Harris
Publisher: University Press of Kentucky
ISBN: 0813158532
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
In this pathbreaking book, Alice Kessler-Harris explores the meanings of women's wages in the United States in the twentieth century, focusing on three sets of issues that capture the transformation of women's roles: the battle over minimum wage for women, which exposes the relationship between family ideology and workplace demands; the argument over equal pay for equal work, which challenges gendered patterns of self-esteem and social organization; and the current debate over comparable worth, which seeks to incorporate traditionally female values into new work and family trajectories. Together these issues trace the many ways in which gendered meaning has been produced, transmitted, and challenged.
Author: Alice Kessler-Harris
Publisher: University Press of Kentucky
ISBN: 0813145392
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 196
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Book Description
In this updated edition of a groundbreaking classic, Alice Kessler-Harris explores the meanings of women's wages in the United States in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, focusing on three issues that capture the transformation of women's roles: the battle over minimum wage for women, which exposes the relationship between family ideology and workplace demands; the argument concerning equal pay for equal work, which challenges gendered patterns of self-esteem and social organization; and the debate over comparable worth, which seeks to incorporate traditionally female values into new work and family trajectories. Together, these topics illuminate the many ways in which gendered social meaning has been produced, transmitted, and challenged.
Author: Ronnie J. Steinberg
Publisher: New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 302
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Book Description
Author: Alice Kessler-Harris
Publisher: New York : Oxford University Press
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 424
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Book Description
First published in 1982, this pioneering work traces the transformation of "women's work" into wage labor in the United States, identifying the social, economic, and ideological forces that have shaped our expectations of what women do. Basing her observations upon the personal experience ofindividual American women set against the backdrop of American society, Alice Kessler-Harris examines the effects of class, ethnic and racial patterns, changing perceptions of wage work for women, and the relationship between wage-earning and family roles. In the 20th Anniversary Edition of thislandmark book, the author has updated the original and written a new Afterword.
Author: Claudia Goldin
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691228663
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
In this book, the author builds on decades of complex research to examine the gender pay gap and the unequal distribution of labor between couples in the home. The author argues that although public and private discourse has brought these concerns to light, the actions taken - such as a single company slapped on the wrist or a few progressive leaders going on paternity leave - are the economic equivalent of tossing a band-aid to someone with cancer. These solutions, the author writes, treat the symptoms and not the disease of gender inequality in the workplace and economy. Here, the author points to data that reveals how the pay gap widens further down the line in women's careers, about 10 to 15 years out, as opposed to those beginning careers after college. She examines five distinct groups of women over the course of the twentieth century: cohorts of women who differ in terms of career, job, marriage, and children, in approximated years of graduation - 1900s, 1920s, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s - based on various demographic, labor force, and occupational outcomes. The book argues that our entire economy is trapped in an old way of doing business; work structures have not adapted as more women enter the workforce. Gender equality in pay and equity in home and childcare labor are flip sides of the same issue, and the author frames both in the context of a serious empirical exploration that has not yet been put in a long-run historical context. This book offers a deep look into census data, rich information about individual college graduates over their lifetimes, and various records and sources of material to offer a new model to restructure the home and school systems that contribute to the gender pay gap and the quest for both family and career. --
Author: Ruth Milkman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136247688
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 319
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Book Description
As paid work becomes increasingly central in women’s lives, the history of their labor struggles assumes more and more importance. This volume represents the best of the new feminist scholarship in twentieth-century U.S. women’s labor history. Fourteen original essays illuminate the complex relationship between gender, consciousness and working-class activism, and deepen historical understanding of the contradictory legacy of trade unionism for women workers. The contributors take up a wide range of specific subjects, and write from diverse theoretical perspectives. Some of the essays are case studies of women’s participation in individual unions, organizing efforts, or strikes; others examine broader themes in women’s labor history, focusing on a specific time period; and still others explore the situation of particular categories of women workers over a longer time span. This collection extends the scope of current research and interpretation in women’s labor history, both conceptually and in terms of periodization – emphasis is placed on the post-World War I period where the literature is sparse. This book will be valuable for scholars, students and general readers alike.
Author: Deborah M. Figart
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134480164
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
Wage setting has historically been a deeply political and cultural as well as economic process. This informative and accessible book explores how US wage regulations in the twentieth century took gender, race-ethnicity and class into account. Focusing on social reform movements for living wages and equal wages, it offers an interdisciplinary account of how women's work and the remuneration for that work has changed along with the massive transformations in the economy and family structures. The controversial issue of establishing living wages for all workers makes this book both a timely and indispensable contribution to this wide ranging debate, and it will surely become required reading for anyone with an interest in modern economic issues.
Author: Audrey Hunt
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1349192937
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 255
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Book Description
Author: Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
