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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030906788X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 109
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Book Description
In his 1997 State of the Union address, President Clinton announced a federal initiative to develop tests of 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics that could be administered on a voluntary basis by states and school districts beginning in spring 1999. The principal purpose of the Voluntary National Tests (VNT) is to provide parents and teachers with systematic and reliable information about the verbal and quantitative skills that students have achieved at two key points in their educational careers. The U.S. Department of Education anticipated that this information would serve as a catalyst for continued school improvement, by focusing parental and community attention on achievement and by providing an additional tool to hold school systems accountable for their students' performance in relation to nationwide standards. Shortly after initial development work on the VNT, Congress transferred responsibility for VNT policies, direction, and guidelines from the department to the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB, the governing body for the National Assessment of Educational Progress). Test development activities were to continue, but Congress prohibited pilot and field testing and operational use of the VNT pending further consideration. At the same time, Congress called on the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the VNT development activities. Since the evaluation began, the NRC has issued three reports on VNT development: an interim and final report on the first year's work and an interim report earlier on this second year's work. This final report includes the findings and recommendations from the interim report, modified by new information and analysis, and presents our overall conclusions and recommendations regarding the VNT.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030906788X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 109
Get Book Here
Book Description
In his 1997 State of the Union address, President Clinton announced a federal initiative to develop tests of 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics that could be administered on a voluntary basis by states and school districts beginning in spring 1999. The principal purpose of the Voluntary National Tests (VNT) is to provide parents and teachers with systematic and reliable information about the verbal and quantitative skills that students have achieved at two key points in their educational careers. The U.S. Department of Education anticipated that this information would serve as a catalyst for continued school improvement, by focusing parental and community attention on achievement and by providing an additional tool to hold school systems accountable for their students' performance in relation to nationwide standards. Shortly after initial development work on the VNT, Congress transferred responsibility for VNT policies, direction, and guidelines from the department to the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB, the governing body for the National Assessment of Educational Progress). Test development activities were to continue, but Congress prohibited pilot and field testing and operational use of the VNT pending further consideration. At the same time, Congress called on the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the VNT development activities. Since the evaluation began, the NRC has issued three reports on VNT development: an interim and final report on the first year's work and an interim report earlier on this second year's work. This final report includes the findings and recommendations from the interim report, modified by new information and analysis, and presents our overall conclusions and recommendations regarding the VNT.
Author: Florence Banks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Motor vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Administrative law
Languages : en
Pages : 932
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Author: Luis Velasco
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119340411
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 452
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Book Description
Explains the importance of Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) and how they can be implemented by the world’s carriers This book discusses Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) from an operational perspective. It presents algorithms that are suitable for real-time operation and includes experimental results to further demonstrate the feasibility of the approaches discussed. It covers practical issues such as provisioning, protection, and defragmentation. It also presents provisioning and recovery in single layer elastic optical networks (EON). The authors review algorithms for provisioning point-to-point, anycast, and multicast connections, as well as transfer-based connections for datacenter interconnection. They also include algorithms for recovery connections from failures in the optical layer and in-operation planning algorithms for EONs. Provisioning, Recovery and In-operation Planning in Elastic Optical Network also examines multi-layer scenarios. It covers virtual network topology reconfiguration and multi-layer recovery, and includes provisioning customer virtual networks and the use of data analytics in order to bring cognition to the network. In addition, the book: Presents managing connections dynamically—and the flexibility to adapt the connection bitrate to the traffic needs fit well for new types of services, such as datacenter interconnection and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Examines the topic in a holistic and comprehensive way, addressing control and management plane issues for provisioning, recovery, and in-operation planning Covers provisioning, recovery, and in-operation planning for EONs at the proposed exhaustive level The rapid expanse of new services has made the use of EONs (a relatively new concept) a necessity. That’s why this book is perfect for students and researchers in the field of technologies for optical networks (specifically EONs), including network architectures and planning, dynamic connection provisioning, on-line network re-optimization, and control and management planes. It is also an important text for engineers and practitioners working for telecom network operators, service providers, and vendors that require knowledge on a rapidly evolving topic.
Author: Robert Alfred Vaughan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Mysticism
Languages : en
Pages : 418
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Book Description
Author: Gregory J. Cizek
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080488897
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 585
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Book Description
The Handbook of Educational Policy provides a comprehensive overview of policy questions in education reform at local, state, and national levels. The book raises controversial questions, such as who really benefits from educational reform, and investigates issues of accountability, assessment, educational fads, technology in education, and other matters of educational policy. The book explores not only what education is, but what it can be and should be, providing a scholarly analysis of policy decisions as well as practical recommendations for parents, teachers, and policy-makers.Key Features* Provides informed discussion based on scholarly research* Contains practical recommendations for parents, educators, and policy-makers* Includes representation from local, state, and national levels* Considers comparisons of United States practices to reforms abroad* Addresses current issues and implications for the futures
Author: Board on Testing and Assessment
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309525047
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Book Description
In his 1997 State of the Union address, President Clinton announced a federal initiative to develop tests of 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics that would provide reliable information about student performance at two key points in their educational careers. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the Voluntary National Tests (VNT) would create a catalyst for continued school improvement by focusing parental and community-wide attention on achievement and would become new tools to hold school systems accountable for their students' performance. The National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) has responsibility for development of the VNT. Congress recognized that a testing program of the scale and magnitude of the VNT initiative raises many important technical questions and requires quality control throughout development and implementation. In P.L. 105-78, Congress called on the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate a series of technical issues pertaining to the validity of test items, the validity of proposed links between the VNT and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), plans for the accommodation and inclusion of students with disabilities and English-language learners, plans for reporting test information to parents and the public, and potential uses of the tests. This report covers phase 1 of the evaluation (November 1997-July 1998) and focuses on three principal issues: test specifications and frameworks; preliminary evidence of the quality of test items; and plans for the pilot and field test studies, for inclusion and accommodation, and for reporting VNT results.
Author: Michael V. Barry
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136100121
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 517
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Book Description
First Published in 1994. The Survey of English Dialects (SED) is the only detailed nation-wide dialect survey which has ever been conducted in England. The SED is a unique repository of data on the traditional dialects of England in the mid-twentieth century. This remarkable record is a valuable resource for scholars in the fields of British English dialectology, sociolinguistics, and English historical linguistics. The SED fieldwork was undertaken in predominantly rural communities in England in the middle of the twentieth century, at a time when social, domestic and working life was undergoing very significant changes. The SED is thus a record of speech which reflects a society different in many ways from today, and as such affords the possibility of comparison which is instructive to those engaged in all types of study of linguistics today.
Author: Lung-fei Lee
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
ISBN: 160198426X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Estimation of Spatial Panels provides some recent developments on the specification and estimation of spatial panel models.
Author: William Hayman Cummings
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Music
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
