Violence and Brutality Under Medieval Christianity. A Comparative Analysis of the First and Sixth Crusades PDF Download
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Author: Cornelia Jürgens
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 9783346484574
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 8, VU University Amsterdam, language: English, abstract: The Crusades are, despite the fact the first one took place almost thousand years ago, still an often debated topic, both for their historical significance all over Europe and the Near East and for their religious-moral aspect, as well as for their brutality. It is not surprising that these journeys have such a lasting impact on both our memory and historic debate considering their incredible impact and global relevance. This paper explores the question of why the first crusade was so much more violent than the sixth, for which the answer lies in the motivations of involved parties. It is separated into two parts. First, it discusses the events of the first and sixth crusades to prove the first one was especially brutal compared to another, much more peaceful one. This forms the basis of the research question. To answer it, the second part discusses the motivations of different parties involved in the first and sixth crusade. Why did the main figures of the crusades command their people to march to Jerusalem? Why did all these people from different social status, culture and even different religions attack the holy city and murder hundreds of people? Why didn't they two hundred years later? In this chapter, I will focus on pope Urban II, emperor Frederick II and the crusaders themselves.
Author: Cornelia Jürgens
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 9783346484574
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 8, VU University Amsterdam, language: English, abstract: The Crusades are, despite the fact the first one took place almost thousand years ago, still an often debated topic, both for their historical significance all over Europe and the Near East and for their religious-moral aspect, as well as for their brutality. It is not surprising that these journeys have such a lasting impact on both our memory and historic debate considering their incredible impact and global relevance. This paper explores the question of why the first crusade was so much more violent than the sixth, for which the answer lies in the motivations of involved parties. It is separated into two parts. First, it discusses the events of the first and sixth crusades to prove the first one was especially brutal compared to another, much more peaceful one. This forms the basis of the research question. To answer it, the second part discusses the motivations of different parties involved in the first and sixth crusade. Why did the main figures of the crusades command their people to march to Jerusalem? Why did all these people from different social status, culture and even different religions attack the holy city and murder hundreds of people? Why didn't they two hundred years later? In this chapter, I will focus on pope Urban II, emperor Frederick II and the crusaders themselves.
Author: Christopher Tyerman
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 0141904313
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 1040
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Book Description
'Wonderfully written and characteristically brilliant' Peter Frankopan, author of The Silk Roads 'Elegant, readable ... an impressive synthesis ... Not many historians could have done it' - Jonathan Sumption, Spectator 'Tyerman's book is fascinating not just for what it has to tell us about the Crusades, but for the mirror it holds up to today's religious extremism' - Tom Holland, Spectator Thousands left their homelands in the Middle Ages to fight wars abroad. But how did the Crusades actually happen? From recruitment propaganda to raising money, ships to siege engines, medicine to the power of prayer, this vivid, surprising history shows holy war - and medieval society - in a new light.
Author: Michael Mitterauer
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226532380
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
Why did capitalism and colonialism arise in Europe and not elsewhere? Why were parliamentarian and democratic forms of government founded there? What factors led to Europe’s unique position in shaping the world? Thoroughly researched and persuasively argued, Why Europe? tackles these classic questions with illuminating results. Michael Mitterauer traces the roots of Europe’s singularity to the medieval era, specifically to developments in agriculture. While most historians have located the beginning of Europe’s special path in the rise of state power in the modern era, Mitterauer establishes its origins in rye and oats. These new crops played a decisive role in remaking the European family, he contends, spurring the rise of individualism and softening the constraints of patriarchy. Mitterauer reaches these conclusions by comparing Europe with other cultures, especially China and the Islamic world, while surveying the most important characteristics of European society as they took shape from the decline of the Roman empire to the invention of the printing press. Along the way, Why Europe? offers up a dazzling series of novel hypotheses to explain the unique evolution of European culture.
Author: Rodney Stark
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0061582611
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 294
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Book Description
In God's Battalions, award-winning author Rodney Stark takes on the long-held view that the Crusades were the first round of European colonialism, conducted for land, loot, and converts by barbarian Christians who victimized the cultivated Muslims. To the contrary, Stark argues that the Crusades were the first military response to unwarranted Muslim terrorist aggression. Stark reviews the history of the seven major Crusades from 1095 to 1291, demonstrating that the Crusades were precipitated by Islamic provocations, centuries of bloody attempts to colonize the West, and sudden attacks on Christian pilgrims and holy places. Although the Crusades were initiated by a plea from the pope, Stark argues that this had nothing to do with any elaborate design of the Christian world to convert all Muslims to Christianity by force of arms. Given current tensions in the Middle East and terrorist attacks around the world, Stark's views are a thought-provoking contribution to our understanding and are sure to spark debate.
Author: Christopher Tyerman
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
This insightful portrait of the Crusades illuminates both the rosy myths and the harsh realities of these epic adventures.
Author: John Renard
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520274199
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
One of the critical issues in interreligious relations today is the connection, both actual and perceived, between sacred sources and the justification of violent acts as divinely mandated. Fighting Words makes solid text-based scholarship accessible to the general public, beginning with the premise that a balanced approach to religious pluralism in our world must build on a measured, well-informed response to the increasingly publicized and sensationalized association of terrorism and large-scale violence with religion. In his introduction, Renard provides background on the major scriptures of seven religious traditions—Jewish, Christian (including both the Old and New Testaments), Islamic, Baha’i, Zoroastrian, Hindu, and Sikh. Eight chapters then explore the interpretation of select facets of these scriptures, focusing on those texts so often claimed, both historically and more recently, as inspiration and justification for every kind of violence, from individual assassination to mass murder. With its nuanced consideration of a complex topic, this book is not merely about the religious sanctioning of violence but also about diverse ways of reading sacred textual sources.
Author: David Levering Lewis
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393067904
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 505
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Book Description
From the two-time Pulitzer Prize–winning author, God’s Crucible brings to life “a furiously complex age” (New York Times Book Review). Resonating as profoundly today as when it was first published to widespread critical acclaim a decade ago, God’s Crucible is a bold portrait of Islamic Spain and the birth of modern Europe from one of our greatest historians. David Levering Lewis’s narrative, filled with accounts of some of the most epic battles in world history, reveals how cosmopolitan, Muslim al-Andalus flourished—a beacon of cooperation and tolerance—while proto-Europe floundered in opposition to Islam, making virtues out of hereditary aristocracy, religious intolerance, perpetual war, and slavery. This masterful history begins with the fall of the Persian and Roman empires, followed by the rise of the prophet Muhammad and five centuries of engagement between the Muslim imperium and an emerging Europe. Essential and urgent, God’s Crucible underscores the importance of these early, world-altering events whose influence remains as current as today’s headlines.
Author: Cordelia Heß
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110383926
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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Book Description
Due to the scarcity of sources regarding actual Jewish and Muslim communities and settlements, there has until now been little work on either the perception of or encounters with Muslims and Jews in medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region. The volume provides the reader with the possibility to appreciate and understand the complexity of Jewish-Christian-Muslim relations in the medieval North. The contributions cover topics such as cultural and economic exchange between Christians and members of other religions; evidence of actual Jews and Muslims in the Baltic Rim; images and stereotypes of the Other. The volume thus presents a previously neglected field of research that will help nuance the overall picture of interreligious relations in medieval Europe.
Author: Alfred J. Andrea
Publisher: Hackett Publishing
ISBN: 1624664059
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 201
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Book Description
"Seven Myths of the Crusades' rebuttal of the persistent and multifarious misconceptions associated with topics including the First Crusade, anti-Judaism and the Crusades, the crusader states, the Children's Crusade, the Templars and past and present Islamic-Christian relations proves, once and for all, that real history is far more fascinating than conspiracy theories, pseudo-history and myth-mongering. This book is a powerful witness to the dangers of the misappropriation and misinterpretation of the past and the false parallels so often drawn between the crusades and later historical events ranging from nineteenth-century colonialism to the protest movements of the 1960s to the events of 9/11. This volume's authors have venerable track records in teaching and researching the crusading movement, and anyone curious about the crusades would do well to start here." —Jessalynn Bird, Dominican University, co-Editor of Crusade and Christendom
Author: Nicholas Morton
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316721027
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 333
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Book Description
The First Crusade (1095–9) has often been characterised as a head-to-head confrontation between the forces of Christianity and Islam. For many, it is the campaign that created a lasting rupture between these two faiths. Nevertheless, is such a characterisation borne out by the sources? Engagingly written and supported by a wealth of evidence, Encountering Islam on the First Crusade offers a major reinterpretation of the crusaders' attitudes towards the Arabic and Turkic peoples they encountered on their journey to Jerusalem. Nicholas Morton considers how they interpreted the new peoples, civilizations and landscapes they encountered; sights for which their former lives in Western Christendom had provided little preparation. Morton offers a varied picture of cross cultural relations, depicting the Near East as an arena in which multiple protagonists were pitted against each other. Some were fighting for supremacy, others for their religion, and many simply for survival.
