Using High Resolution Measurements and Models to Investigate the Behaviour of Atmospheric Ammonia PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Using High Resolution Measurements and Models to Investigate the Behaviour of Atmospheric Ammonia PDF full book. Access full book title Using High Resolution Measurements and Models to Investigate the Behaviour of Atmospheric Ammonia by Raluca Ellis. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Raluca Ellis
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494781746
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Get Book Here
Book Description
Atmospheric ammonia contributes to a number of environmental problems, but many questions regarding the behaviour of ammonia in the atmosphere remain. Field studies were performed to investigate the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia, the surface-atmosphere exchange, and to compare measurements with an online chemical transport model and offline thermodynamic models.A state-of-the-art instrument, Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS), with a novel sampling technique was used to measure ammonia. The detection limit of the instrument was found to be 690 ppt at 1 Hz and 42 ppt when averaged to 5 minutes. The uncertainty in the measurement is 10 % based on calibration from a permeation tube source. Laboratory and field tests show the ammonia time response to be slower at lower mixing ratios, and when the ambient relative humidity is high.A suite of instrumentation during the CalNex 2010 field campaign allowed for in-depth analysis of gas-particle partitioning and estimation of aerosol pH. Observations were compared to predictions from the thermodynamic equilibrium models ISORROPIA and E-AIM. Deviations form equilibrium were found during periods of high levels of aerosol nitrate and positive net charge. The gas-particle partitioning was found to be very sensitive to aerosol pH.Observations from the first field campaign discussed, the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met), were compared to a chemical transport model AURAMS (A Unified Regional Air quality Modeling System). The model was often biased low in ammonia and ammonium and predicted an incorrect diurnal profile. Observations suggest a coupling between gas-particle and surface-atmosphere equilibria whereby a large atmospheric condensation sink induces emission of ammonia from the surface. A simple approach at representing the ammonia bi-direction flux more closely matched the observations, indicating that a fully coupled bidirectional flux parameterization in chemical transport models is necessary to accurately predict atmospheric ammonia.
Author: Raluca Ellis
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494781746
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Get Book Here
Book Description
Atmospheric ammonia contributes to a number of environmental problems, but many questions regarding the behaviour of ammonia in the atmosphere remain. Field studies were performed to investigate the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia, the surface-atmosphere exchange, and to compare measurements with an online chemical transport model and offline thermodynamic models.A state-of-the-art instrument, Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS), with a novel sampling technique was used to measure ammonia. The detection limit of the instrument was found to be 690 ppt at 1 Hz and 42 ppt when averaged to 5 minutes. The uncertainty in the measurement is 10 % based on calibration from a permeation tube source. Laboratory and field tests show the ammonia time response to be slower at lower mixing ratios, and when the ambient relative humidity is high.A suite of instrumentation during the CalNex 2010 field campaign allowed for in-depth analysis of gas-particle partitioning and estimation of aerosol pH. Observations were compared to predictions from the thermodynamic equilibrium models ISORROPIA and E-AIM. Deviations form equilibrium were found during periods of high levels of aerosol nitrate and positive net charge. The gas-particle partitioning was found to be very sensitive to aerosol pH.Observations from the first field campaign discussed, the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met), were compared to a chemical transport model AURAMS (A Unified Regional Air quality Modeling System). The model was often biased low in ammonia and ammonium and predicted an incorrect diurnal profile. Observations suggest a coupling between gas-particle and surface-atmosphere equilibria whereby a large atmospheric condensation sink induces emission of ammonia from the surface. A simple approach at representing the ammonia bi-direction flux more closely matched the observations, indicating that a fully coupled bidirectional flux parameterization in chemical transport models is necessary to accurately predict atmospheric ammonia.
Author: Mark Sutton
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402091214
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 468
Get Book Here
Book Description
Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, soil acidification and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 international experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis. It concludes that threshold levels for ammonia effects have been underestimated and sets new values, it assesses the independent evidence to verify reported reductions in regional ammonia emissions, and it reviews the uncertainties in modelling ammonia, both in "hot spots" and at the regional scale.
Author: Raia Silvia Massad
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401772851
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 231
Get Book Here
Book Description
When considering biosphere–atmosphere exchange of trace gases and volatile aerosols, significant advances have been made both from an experimental and modelling point of view and on several scales. This was particularly stimulated by the availability of new datasets generated from improvements in analytical methods and flux measurement techniques. Recent research advances allow us, not only to identify major mechanisms and factors affecting the exchanges between the biosphere and the atmosphere, but also to recognize several gaps in the methodologies used in accounting for emissions and deposition in landscape and global scale models. This work aims at (i) reviewing exchange processes and modelling schemes, parameterisations and datasets, (ii) presenting a common conceptual framework to model soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange of reactive trace gases and aerosols accounting for in-canopy transfer chemical interactions and (iii) discussing the key elements of the agreed framework.
Author: James M. Hoell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ammonia
Languages : en
Pages : 8
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Alexandra Germaine Tevlin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
Atmospheric ammonia is of interest because of its impacts on ecosystem and human health, as well as climate. Processes of surface-atmosphere and gas-particle exchange were investigated through measurements, modelling, and long-term trend analysis. A Quantum Cascade-Tuneable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS) was characterised for the purposes of making direct eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of bi-directional surface-atmosphere ammonia exchange. While this instrument has great potential, improvements are needed in both sensitivity and time response of the instrument if it is to be used to make EC flux measurements. This instrument was further used to measure vertical profiles of ammonia mixing ratios, investigating the influence of the surface on column distribution, and the variation in diurnal trends with altitude. Ammonia mixing ratios were found to increase towards the surface, with greater variability during the daytime than at night. Diurnal trends in ammonia were found to change with altitude: all heights showed a daytime maximum, and the lowest measurement height showed an additional nighttime maximum. Atmospheric ammonia is closely tied to aerosol particle composition, especially in terms of particle acidity, which can alter the health and climate impacts of such particles. A 21 year dataset of particle composition was used to determine spatial and temporal trends in particle acidity. It was found that particle acidity decreased significantly over this time period, concurrent with decreases in emissions of SO2 and NOx, with implications for air quality and atmospheric chemistry. Additionally, there is a need for greater consistency in metrics used to describe particle acidity. Finally, thermodynamic and kinetic models were used to explore the potential impacts of this particle acidity on gas-particle, and consequently surface-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, demonstrating the connection between these two equilibrium processes.
Author: J.W. Erisman
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080525881
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 517
Get Book Here
Book Description
Representing the Proceedings of the International Speciality Conference "Acid Rain Research; Do we have enough answers?", this book provides a valuable conclusion to the coordinated research on acidification in the Netherlands from 1985 to 1994. The book focuses on atmospheric deposition, effects of acid deposition on forest ecosystems in the Netherlands, and future acidification research. Special attention is given to: trace gases; ammonia; and particle deposition; and the overall assessment of deposition loads to ecosystems and soils is also discussed.This volume will be invaluable to environmental scientists, ecologists, and those involved in atmospheric science/pollution.
Author: Helle Vibeke Andersen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 341
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Roland B. Stull
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9789027727695
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 688
Get Book Here
Book Description
Part of the excitement in boundary-layer meteorology is the challenge associated with turbulent flow - one of the unsolved problems in classical physics. An additional attraction of the filed is the rich diversity of topics and research methods that are collected under the umbrella-term of boundary-layer meteorology. The flavor of the challenges and the excitement associated with the study of the atmospheric boundary layer are captured in this textbook. Fundamental concepts and mathematics are presented prior to their use, physical interpretations of the terms in equations are given, sample data are shown, examples are solved, and exercises are included. The work should also be considered as a major reference and as a review of the literature, since it includes tables of parameterizatlons, procedures, filed experiments, useful constants, and graphs of various phenomena under a variety of conditions. It is assumed that the work will be used at the beginning graduate level for students with an undergraduate background in meteorology, but the author envisions, and has catered for, a heterogeneity in the background and experience of his readers.
Author: Yash P. Abrol
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128119047
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 570
Get Book Here
Book Description
The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, and Management Options and Policies provides a reference for anyone interested in Reactive N, from researchers and students, to environmental managers. Although the main processes that affect the N cycle are well known, this book is focused on the causes and effects of disruption in the N cycle, specifically in India. The book helps readers gain a precise understanding of the scale of nitrogen use, misuse, and release through various agricultural, industrial, vehicular, and other activities, also including discussions on its contribution to the pollution of water and air. Drawing upon the collective work of the Indian Nitrogen Group, this reference book helps solve the challenges associated with providing reliable estimates of nitrogen transfers within different ecosystems, also presenting the next steps that should be taken in the development of balanced, cost-effective, and feasible strategies to reduce the amount of reactive nitrogen. - Identifies all significant sources of reactive nitrogen flows and their contribution to the nitrogen-cycle on a national, regional, and global level - Covers nitrogen management across sectors, including the environment, food security, energy, and health - Provides a single reference on reactive nitrogen in India to help in a number of activities, including the evaluation, analysis, synthesis, documentation, and communications on reactive nitrogen
Author: Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080529070
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 993
Get Book Here
Book Description
Here is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of one of the hottest areas of chemical research. The treatment of fundamental kinetics and photochemistry will be highly useful to chemistry students and their instructors at the graduate level, as well as postdoctoral fellows entering this new, exciting, and well-funded field with a Ph.D. in a related discipline (e.g., analytical, organic, or physical chemistry, chemical physics, etc.). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere provides postgraduate researchers and teachers with a uniquely detailed, comprehensive, and authoritative resource. The text bridges the "gap" between the fundamental chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and "real world" examples of its application to the development of sound scientific risk assessments and associated risk management control strategies for both tropospheric and stratospheric pollutants. - Serves as a graduate textbook and "must have" reference for all atmospheric scientists - Provides more than 5000 references to the literature through the end of 1998 - Presents tables of new actinic flux data for the troposphere and stratospher (0-40km) - Summarizes kinetic and photochemical date for the troposphere and stratosphere - Features problems at the end of most chapters to enhance the book's use in teaching - Includes applications of the OZIPR box model with comprehensive chemistry for student use
