Author: Jered B. Kolbert
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1441128026
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
In the vast literature on classroom behavior management, there are no texts that offer a set of behavior management strategies specific to various psychopathology issues in children and adolescents. This book provides a clear, useful resource for educators who wish to either prevent or diminish problem behaviors exhibited in the classroom. Readers are presented with a brief description of various mental health diagnoses, including children on the autistic spectrum, with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, and many others. After reviewing the features of each particular disorder, the book then offers a set of classroom management techniques designed to help educators target the associated problematic behaviors. Each chapter is written by an expert in that specific field, and strategies are provided for use with a variety of ages (from early childhood to adolescence). Educators will find this to be an essential tool for working with children and adolescents with a variety of mental health and behavioral disorders in the classroom.
Understanding and Managing Behaviors of Children with Psychological Disorders
Author: Jered B. Kolbert
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1441128026
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
In the vast literature on classroom behavior management, there are no texts that offer a set of behavior management strategies specific to various psychopathology issues in children and adolescents. This book provides a clear, useful resource for educators who wish to either prevent or diminish problem behaviors exhibited in the classroom. Readers are presented with a brief description of various mental health diagnoses, including children on the autistic spectrum, with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, and many others. After reviewing the features of each particular disorder, the book then offers a set of classroom management techniques designed to help educators target the associated problematic behaviors. Each chapter is written by an expert in that specific field, and strategies are provided for use with a variety of ages (from early childhood to adolescence). Educators will find this to be an essential tool for working with children and adolescents with a variety of mental health and behavioral disorders in the classroom.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1441128026
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
In the vast literature on classroom behavior management, there are no texts that offer a set of behavior management strategies specific to various psychopathology issues in children and adolescents. This book provides a clear, useful resource for educators who wish to either prevent or diminish problem behaviors exhibited in the classroom. Readers are presented with a brief description of various mental health diagnoses, including children on the autistic spectrum, with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, and many others. After reviewing the features of each particular disorder, the book then offers a set of classroom management techniques designed to help educators target the associated problematic behaviors. Each chapter is written by an expert in that specific field, and strategies are provided for use with a variety of ages (from early childhood to adolescence). Educators will find this to be an essential tool for working with children and adolescents with a variety of mental health and behavioral disorders in the classroom.
Understanding and Managing Emotional and Behavior Disorders in the Classroom
Author: Grad L. Flick
Publisher: Prentice Hall
ISBN: 9780130417138
Category : Affective disorders in children
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Comprehensive and current, this new text will prepare future educators to successfully instruct students with emotional and behavior disorders in their classrooms. Readers will be given a sound introduction on the subject, from the foundations of the disorders, to a discussion of risk and protective factors, and also a general bio-psychosocial model. Several, particularly hard-to-manage disorders are featured in multiple chapters, and assessment is briefly addressed, including comparing Functional Behavior Assessment with regular assessment, the Behavior Intervention Plans, and Individual Education Plans. Behavior problems manifested and managed in the classroom is reviewed, with an emphasis on the development of positive behavioral interventions and supports. Also discussed are specific behavior interventions for problematic behavior, focusing on how such students are best taught, and how a positive school-wide program enhances the probability of program success. Families and siblings, along with promising future directions are also included, as well as thought-provoking case studies featured throughout the text. Special features of the text include: Overview and Discussion Questions at the beginning of every chapter, and a Summary and follow-up Discussion Questions at the conclusion, boxed features found throughout each chapter to clarify and further describe important content, including law-related issues, and thought-provoking case studies are dispersed throughout. The whole text will stimulate its readers to think about the behavior problems and issues they might address in the real classroom and how to best deal with each situation.
Publisher: Prentice Hall
ISBN: 9780130417138
Category : Affective disorders in children
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Comprehensive and current, this new text will prepare future educators to successfully instruct students with emotional and behavior disorders in their classrooms. Readers will be given a sound introduction on the subject, from the foundations of the disorders, to a discussion of risk and protective factors, and also a general bio-psychosocial model. Several, particularly hard-to-manage disorders are featured in multiple chapters, and assessment is briefly addressed, including comparing Functional Behavior Assessment with regular assessment, the Behavior Intervention Plans, and Individual Education Plans. Behavior problems manifested and managed in the classroom is reviewed, with an emphasis on the development of positive behavioral interventions and supports. Also discussed are specific behavior interventions for problematic behavior, focusing on how such students are best taught, and how a positive school-wide program enhances the probability of program success. Families and siblings, along with promising future directions are also included, as well as thought-provoking case studies featured throughout the text. Special features of the text include: Overview and Discussion Questions at the beginning of every chapter, and a Summary and follow-up Discussion Questions at the conclusion, boxed features found throughout each chapter to clarify and further describe important content, including law-related issues, and thought-provoking case studies are dispersed throughout. The whole text will stimulate its readers to think about the behavior problems and issues they might address in the real classroom and how to best deal with each situation.
Parenting Matters
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309388570
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 525
Book Description
Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309388570
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 525
Book Description
Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.
Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior
Author: Sam Goldstein
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470114673
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 609
Book Description
"This book sets the standard in delivering a comprehensive, state-of-the-art approach for understanding, treating, and preventing classroom behavior difficulties. It should be on the bookshelves of all professionals who work in school settings. I will certainly recommend this text to my colleagues and students." —George J. DuPaul, PhD, Professor of School Psychology, Associate Chair, Education and Human Services, Lehigh University A classic guide to creating a positive classroom environment Covering the most recent and relevant findings regarding behavior management in the classroom, this new edition of Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior has been completely updated to reflect the current functional approach to assessing, understanding, and positively managing behavior in a classroom setting. With its renewed focus on the concept of temperament and its impact on children's behavior and personality, Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior emphasizes changing behavior rather than labeling it. Numerous contributions from renowned experts on each topic explore: How to identify strengths and assets and build on them Complete functional behavioral assessments The relationship between thinking, learning, and behavior in the classroom Practical strategies for teachers to improve students' self-regulation How to facilitate social skills Problem-solving approaches to bullies and their victims Medications and their relationship to behavior The classic guide to helping psychologists, counselors, and educators improve their ability to serve all students, Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior, Second Edition will help educators create citizens connected to each other, to their teachers, to their families, and to their communities.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470114673
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 609
Book Description
"This book sets the standard in delivering a comprehensive, state-of-the-art approach for understanding, treating, and preventing classroom behavior difficulties. It should be on the bookshelves of all professionals who work in school settings. I will certainly recommend this text to my colleagues and students." —George J. DuPaul, PhD, Professor of School Psychology, Associate Chair, Education and Human Services, Lehigh University A classic guide to creating a positive classroom environment Covering the most recent and relevant findings regarding behavior management in the classroom, this new edition of Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior has been completely updated to reflect the current functional approach to assessing, understanding, and positively managing behavior in a classroom setting. With its renewed focus on the concept of temperament and its impact on children's behavior and personality, Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior emphasizes changing behavior rather than labeling it. Numerous contributions from renowned experts on each topic explore: How to identify strengths and assets and build on them Complete functional behavioral assessments The relationship between thinking, learning, and behavior in the classroom Practical strategies for teachers to improve students' self-regulation How to facilitate social skills Problem-solving approaches to bullies and their victims Medications and their relationship to behavior The classic guide to helping psychologists, counselors, and educators improve their ability to serve all students, Understanding and Managing Children's Classroom Behavior, Second Edition will help educators create citizens connected to each other, to their teachers, to their families, and to their communities.
Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030948202X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 391
Book Description
Healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) development is a critical foundation for a productive adulthood. Much is known about strategies to support families and communities in strengthening the MEB development of children and youth, by promoting healthy development and also by preventing and mitigating disorder, so that young people reach adulthood ready to thrive and contribute to society. Over the last decade, a growing body of research has significantly strengthened understanding of healthy MEB development and the factors that influence it, as well as how it can be fostered. Yet, the United States has not taken full advantage of this growing knowledge base. Ten years later, the nation still is not effectively mitigating risks for poor MEB health outcomes; these risks remain prevalent, and available data show no significant reductions in their prevalence. Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth: A National Agenda examines the gap between current research and achievable national goals for the next ten years. This report identifies the complexities of childhood influences and highlights the need for a tailored approach when implementing new policies and practices. This report provides a framework for a cohesive, multidisciplinary national approach to improving MEB health.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030948202X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 391
Book Description
Healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) development is a critical foundation for a productive adulthood. Much is known about strategies to support families and communities in strengthening the MEB development of children and youth, by promoting healthy development and also by preventing and mitigating disorder, so that young people reach adulthood ready to thrive and contribute to society. Over the last decade, a growing body of research has significantly strengthened understanding of healthy MEB development and the factors that influence it, as well as how it can be fostered. Yet, the United States has not taken full advantage of this growing knowledge base. Ten years later, the nation still is not effectively mitigating risks for poor MEB health outcomes; these risks remain prevalent, and available data show no significant reductions in their prevalence. Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth: A National Agenda examines the gap between current research and achievable national goals for the next ten years. This report identifies the complexities of childhood influences and highlights the need for a tailored approach when implementing new policies and practices. This report provides a framework for a cohesive, multidisciplinary national approach to improving MEB health.
Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions in the Schools
Author: Rosemary Flanagan
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493919725
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
This book offers a new framework for providing psychological services in schools at the individual, group, and systemic levels. It examines a variety of disorders common to school children, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, and conduct disorder, and outlines treatment options from evidence-based cognitive and cognitive-behavioral methods. The accessible real-world guidelines enable readers to design, implement, and evaluate interventions relevant to diverse student needs. Ethical, competency, and training concerns facing school practitioners in the new therapeutic environment are reviewed as well. Featured areas of coverage include: Behavioral assessment in school settings. PTSD and secondary trauma in children and adolescents. Transdiagnostic behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in school. CBT for children with autism spectrum and other developmental disorders. Implementation, technological, and professional issues. The Practitioner's Toolkit: evidence-based cognitive and behavioral interventions. Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions in the Schools is an essential resource for professionals and scientist-practitioners in child and school psychology, social work, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy and counseling, and educational psychology.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493919725
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
This book offers a new framework for providing psychological services in schools at the individual, group, and systemic levels. It examines a variety of disorders common to school children, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, and conduct disorder, and outlines treatment options from evidence-based cognitive and cognitive-behavioral methods. The accessible real-world guidelines enable readers to design, implement, and evaluate interventions relevant to diverse student needs. Ethical, competency, and training concerns facing school practitioners in the new therapeutic environment are reviewed as well. Featured areas of coverage include: Behavioral assessment in school settings. PTSD and secondary trauma in children and adolescents. Transdiagnostic behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in school. CBT for children with autism spectrum and other developmental disorders. Implementation, technological, and professional issues. The Practitioner's Toolkit: evidence-based cognitive and behavioral interventions. Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions in the Schools is an essential resource for professionals and scientist-practitioners in child and school psychology, social work, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy and counseling, and educational psychology.
Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4)
Author: Vikram Patel
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804281
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 307
Book Description
Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders are common, highly disabling, and associated with significant premature mortality. The impact of these disorders on the social and economic well-being of individuals, families, and societies is large, growing, and underestimated. Despite this burden, these disorders have been systematically neglected, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with pitifully small contributions to scaling up cost-effective prevention and treatment strategies. Systematically compiling the substantial existing knowledge to address this inequity is the central goal of this volume. This evidence-base can help policy makers in resource-constrained settings as they prioritize programs and interventions to address these disorders.
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804281
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 307
Book Description
Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders are common, highly disabling, and associated with significant premature mortality. The impact of these disorders on the social and economic well-being of individuals, families, and societies is large, growing, and underestimated. Despite this burden, these disorders have been systematically neglected, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with pitifully small contributions to scaling up cost-effective prevention and treatment strategies. Systematically compiling the substantial existing knowledge to address this inequity is the central goal of this volume. This evidence-base can help policy makers in resource-constrained settings as they prioritize programs and interventions to address these disorders.
Understanding Conduct Disorder and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder
Author: Laura Vanzin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000680657
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 163
Book Description
Understanding Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiance Disorder offers parents, caregivers and practitioners a concise, accessible introduction to the science behind CD and ODD and popular treatments, together with practical advice on how to approach challenging behaviour. It covers a range of important topics including distinguishing between typical and atypical behavioural development, how to choose the best course of treatment for a child, and how parental behaviour can help or hinder progress. Written in straightforward language, each chapter concludes with "important points" summarising key information, designed to help those living or working with children suffering from behavioural disorders to both understand the nature of the disorders and achieve the best outcome for the child. The final chapter presents an in-depth case study of a child with behavioral disorders, thoroughly detailing symptoms, treatment and outcome, providing a demonstration of best practice and affirming that challenging behavior can be effectively managed. Illustrated with clinical vignettes of the experiences of children living with CD and ODD, Understanding Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiance Disorder is essential reading for parents and caregivers, as well as practitioners in clinical and educational psychology, counselling, mental health, nursing, child welfare, public healthcare, and those in education.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000680657
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 163
Book Description
Understanding Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiance Disorder offers parents, caregivers and practitioners a concise, accessible introduction to the science behind CD and ODD and popular treatments, together with practical advice on how to approach challenging behaviour. It covers a range of important topics including distinguishing between typical and atypical behavioural development, how to choose the best course of treatment for a child, and how parental behaviour can help or hinder progress. Written in straightforward language, each chapter concludes with "important points" summarising key information, designed to help those living or working with children suffering from behavioural disorders to both understand the nature of the disorders and achieve the best outcome for the child. The final chapter presents an in-depth case study of a child with behavioral disorders, thoroughly detailing symptoms, treatment and outcome, providing a demonstration of best practice and affirming that challenging behavior can be effectively managed. Illustrated with clinical vignettes of the experiences of children living with CD and ODD, Understanding Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiance Disorder is essential reading for parents and caregivers, as well as practitioners in clinical and educational psychology, counselling, mental health, nursing, child welfare, public healthcare, and those in education.
Counseling and Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents
Author: H. Thompson Prout
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118772687
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A comprehensive, theory-based approach to working with young clients in both school and clinical settings Counseling and Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents, Fifth Edition provides mental health professionals and students with state-of-the-art theory and practical guidance for major contemporary psychotherapeutic schools of thought. Children and adolescents are not just small adults; they have their own needs, requirements, and desires, on top of the issues presented by still-developing brains and limited life perspective. Providing care for young clients requires a deep understanding of the interventions and approaches that work alongside growing brains, and the practical skill to change course to align with evolving personalities. The thoroughly revised fifth edition is a comprehensive reference, complete with expert insight. Organized around theory, this book covers both clinical and school settings in the fields of psychology, counseling, and social work. Coverage of the latest thinking and practice includes Cognitive Behavioral, Rational-Emotive, Reality Therapy, Solution Focused, Family Systems, and Play Therapy, providing a complete resource for any mental health expert who works with young people. Understand the major approaches to counseling and psychotherapeutic interventions Discover the ethical and legal implications of working with children and adolescents Learn how to employ culturally responsive counseling with younger clients Examine interventions for children and adolescents with disabilities and health care needs This updated edition includes a stronger emphasis on the clinical application of theory to specific disorders of childhood and adolescence, and new coverage of the legal and ethical issues related to social media. Chapters include a case studies and online resources that make it ideal for classroom use, and new chapters on Solution-Focused Therapy and Play Therapy enhance usefulness to practicing therapists. Expert guidance covers techniques for working with individuals, groups, and parents, and explores the efficacy of the theories under discussion.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118772687
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A comprehensive, theory-based approach to working with young clients in both school and clinical settings Counseling and Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents, Fifth Edition provides mental health professionals and students with state-of-the-art theory and practical guidance for major contemporary psychotherapeutic schools of thought. Children and adolescents are not just small adults; they have their own needs, requirements, and desires, on top of the issues presented by still-developing brains and limited life perspective. Providing care for young clients requires a deep understanding of the interventions and approaches that work alongside growing brains, and the practical skill to change course to align with evolving personalities. The thoroughly revised fifth edition is a comprehensive reference, complete with expert insight. Organized around theory, this book covers both clinical and school settings in the fields of psychology, counseling, and social work. Coverage of the latest thinking and practice includes Cognitive Behavioral, Rational-Emotive, Reality Therapy, Solution Focused, Family Systems, and Play Therapy, providing a complete resource for any mental health expert who works with young people. Understand the major approaches to counseling and psychotherapeutic interventions Discover the ethical and legal implications of working with children and adolescents Learn how to employ culturally responsive counseling with younger clients Examine interventions for children and adolescents with disabilities and health care needs This updated edition includes a stronger emphasis on the clinical application of theory to specific disorders of childhood and adolescence, and new coverage of the legal and ethical issues related to social media. Chapters include a case studies and online resources that make it ideal for classroom use, and new chapters on Solution-Focused Therapy and Play Therapy enhance usefulness to practicing therapists. Expert guidance covers techniques for working with individuals, groups, and parents, and explores the efficacy of the theories under discussion.
Antisocial Behaviour and Conduct Disorders in Children and Young People
Author: National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain)
Publisher: RCPsych Publications
ISBN: 9781908020611
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 470
Book Description
Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders are the most common reason for referral to child and adolescent mental health services and have a significant impact on the quality of life of children and young people and their parents and carers. Rates of other mental health problems (including antisocial personality disorder) are considerably increased for adults who had a conduct disorder in childhood. This new NICE guideline seeks to address these problems by offering advice on prevention strategies and a range of psychosocial interventions.It reviews the evidence across the care pathway, encompassing access to and delivery of services, experience of care, selective prevention interventions, case identification and assessment, psychological and psychosocial indicated prevention and treatment interventions, and pharmacological and physical interventions.Readership: Intended for healthcare professionals in CAMHS, but this will also be useful to professionals in primary care (as there is much emphasis on recognition).
Publisher: RCPsych Publications
ISBN: 9781908020611
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 470
Book Description
Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders are the most common reason for referral to child and adolescent mental health services and have a significant impact on the quality of life of children and young people and their parents and carers. Rates of other mental health problems (including antisocial personality disorder) are considerably increased for adults who had a conduct disorder in childhood. This new NICE guideline seeks to address these problems by offering advice on prevention strategies and a range of psychosocial interventions.It reviews the evidence across the care pathway, encompassing access to and delivery of services, experience of care, selective prevention interventions, case identification and assessment, psychological and psychosocial indicated prevention and treatment interventions, and pharmacological and physical interventions.Readership: Intended for healthcare professionals in CAMHS, but this will also be useful to professionals in primary care (as there is much emphasis on recognition).