Types and Tokens

Types and Tokens PDF Author: Linda Wetzel
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262266148
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 197

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Book Description
A consideration of the distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances, and an argument that types exist. There is a widely recognized but infrequently discussed distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances. Words come in both types and tokens—for example, there is only one word type 'the' but there are numerous tokens of it on this page—as do symphonies, bears, chess games, and many other types of things. In this book, Linda Wetzel examines the distinction between types and tokens and argues that types exist (as abstract objects, since they lack a unique spatiotemporal location). Wetzel demonstrates the ubiquity of references to (and quantifications over) types in science and ordinary language; types have to be reckoned with, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. Wetzel argues that there are such things as types by undermining the epistemological arguments against abstract objects and offering extended original arguments demonstrating the failure of nominalistic attempts to paraphrase away such references to (and quantifications over) types. She then focuses on the relation between types and their tokens, especially for words, showing for the first time that there is nothing that all tokens of a type need have in common other than being tokens of that type. Finally, she considers an often-overlooked problem for realism having to do with types occurring in other types (such as words in a sentence) and proposes an important and original solution, extending her discussion from words and expressions to other types that structurally involve other types (flags and stars and stripes; molecules and atoms; sonatas and notes).

Types and Tokens

Types and Tokens PDF Author: Linda Wetzel
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262266148
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 197

Get Book Here

Book Description
A consideration of the distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances, and an argument that types exist. There is a widely recognized but infrequently discussed distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances. Words come in both types and tokens—for example, there is only one word type 'the' but there are numerous tokens of it on this page—as do symphonies, bears, chess games, and many other types of things. In this book, Linda Wetzel examines the distinction between types and tokens and argues that types exist (as abstract objects, since they lack a unique spatiotemporal location). Wetzel demonstrates the ubiquity of references to (and quantifications over) types in science and ordinary language; types have to be reckoned with, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. Wetzel argues that there are such things as types by undermining the epistemological arguments against abstract objects and offering extended original arguments demonstrating the failure of nominalistic attempts to paraphrase away such references to (and quantifications over) types. She then focuses on the relation between types and their tokens, especially for words, showing for the first time that there is nothing that all tokens of a type need have in common other than being tokens of that type. Finally, she considers an often-overlooked problem for realism having to do with types occurring in other types (such as words in a sentence) and proposes an important and original solution, extending her discussion from words and expressions to other types that structurally involve other types (flags and stars and stripes; molecules and atoms; sonatas and notes).

Sign, System and Function

Sign, System and Function PDF Author: Jerzy Pelc
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110824043
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 520

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Book Description
No detailed description available for "Sign, System and Function".

When Listeners Talk

When Listeners Talk PDF Author: Rod Gardner
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027251118
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 309

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Book Description
Listeners are usually considered recipients in conversational interaction, whose main activity is to take in messages from other speakers. In this view, the listening activity is separate from speaking. Another view is that listeners and speakers are equal co-participants in conversations who construct the talk together. In support of this latter view, one finds a group of vocalisations which are quintessentially listener talk — little conversational objects such as uh-huh, oh, mm, yeah, right and mm-hm. These utterances do not have meanings in a conventional dictionary sense, but are nevertheless loaded with complex and subtle information about the stance listeners take to what they are hearing, information that is gleaned not only from their phonetic form, but also from their complex prosodic shape and their placement and timing within the flow of talk. This book summarises eight of these objects, and explores one, mm, in depth.

Tokens of Exchange

Tokens of Exchange PDF Author: Lydia H. Liu
Publisher: Duke University Press
ISBN: 0822381125
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 465

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Book Description
The problem of translation has become increasingly central to critical reflections on modernity and its universalizing processes. Approaching translation as a symbolic and material exchange among peoples and civilizations—and not as a purely linguistic or literary matter, the essays in Tokens of Exchange focus on China and its interactions with the West to historicize an economy of translation. Rejecting the familiar regional approach to non-Western societies, contributors contend that “national histories” and “world history” must be read with absolute attention to the types of epistemological translatability that have been constructed among the various languages and cultures in modern times. By studying the production and circulation of meaning as value in areas including history, religion, language, law, visual art, music, and pedagogy, essays consider exchanges between Jesuit and Protestant missionaries and the Chinese between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and focus on the interchanges occasioned by the spread of capitalism and imperialism. Concentrating on ideological reciprocity and nonreciprocity in science, medicine, and cultural pathologies, contributors also posit that such exchanges often lead to racialized and essentialized ideas about culture, sexuality, and nation. The collection turns to the role of language itself as a site of the universalization of knowledge in its contemplation of such processes as the invention of Basic English and the global teaching of the English language. By focusing on the moments wherein meaning-value is exchanged in the translation from one language to another, the essays highlight the circulation of the global in the local as they address the role played by historical translation in the universalizing processes of modernity and globalization. The collection will engage students and scholars of global cultural processes, Chinese studies, world history, literary studies, history of science, and anthropology, as well as cultural and postcolonial studies. Contributors. Jianhua Chen, Nancy Chen, Alexis Dudden Eastwood, Roger Hart, Larissa Heinrich, James Hevia, Andrew F. Jones, Wan Shun Eva Lam, Lydia H. Liu, Deborah T. L. Sang, Haun Saussy, Q. S. Tong, Qiong Zhang

Types and Tokens in Linguistics

Types and Tokens in Linguistics PDF Author: Sylvain Bromberger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Type and token (Linguistics)
Languages : en
Pages : 30

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Book Description


Python in a Nutshell

Python in a Nutshell PDF Author: Alex Martelli
Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN: 0596100469
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 734

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Book Description
This volume offers Python programmers a straightforward guide to the important tools and modules of this open source language. It deals with the most frequently used parts of the standard library as well as the most popular and important third party extensions.

Abstraction and Instance

Abstraction and Instance PDF Author: Christopher Hutton
Publisher: Pergamon
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 220

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Book Description
The intuitive acceptability of the type-token relation has led linguists and philosophers to underestimate how complex the question of defining this relation is. Consequently the type-token relation has been taken for granted but left unexplicated in modern linguistic theory. The book aims to lead the reader to the perception of a problem fundamental to our understanding of language, yet largely concealed by a strong intuition about linguistic sameness. It is intended both to provide a 'work-book' for anyone who wishes to explore the definitions offered by different theorists and to point to ways of conceiving similarity and identity outside the stipulations and idealizations of contemporary linguistics.

Types and tokens in language

Types and tokens in language PDF Author: Barbara M. H. Strang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Type and token (Linguistics)
Languages : en
Pages : 9

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Book Description


A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals

A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals PDF Author: Katherine Jaeger
Publisher: Official Red Books
ISBN: 9780794820602
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
As long as Americans have collected our nation's coins, we have also collected its rich variety of tokens and medals. The Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals is a fascinating study of these popular pieces of American history.

Statistics in Corpus Linguistics

Statistics in Corpus Linguistics PDF Author: Vaclav Brezina
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107125707
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 317

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Book Description
A comprehensive and accessible introduction to statistics in corpus linguistics, covering multiple techniques of quantitative language analysis and data visualisation.