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Author: Tim Harris
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017285
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
The advent of multicore processors has renewed interest in the idea of incorporating transactions into the programming model used to write parallel programs. This approach, known as transactional memory, offers an alternative, and hopefully better, way to coordinate concurrent threads. The ACI (atomicity, consistency, isolation) properties of transactions provide a foundation to ensure that concurrent reads and writes of shared data do not produce inconsistent or incorrect results. At a higher level, a computation wrapped in a transaction executes atomically - either it completes successfully and commits its result in its entirety or it aborts. In addition, isolation ensures the transaction produces the same result as if no other transactions were executing concurrently. Although transactions are not a parallel programming panacea, they shift much of the burden of synchronizing and coordinating parallel computations from a programmer to a compiler, to a language runtime system, or to hardware. The challenge for the system implementers is to build an efficient transactional memory infrastructure. This book presents an overview of the state of the art in the design and implementation of transactional memory systems, as of early spring 2010. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic Transactions / Building on Basic Transactions / Software Transactional Memory / Hardware-Supported Transactional Memory / Conclusions
Author: Tim Harris
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017285
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 247
Get Book Here
Book Description
The advent of multicore processors has renewed interest in the idea of incorporating transactions into the programming model used to write parallel programs. This approach, known as transactional memory, offers an alternative, and hopefully better, way to coordinate concurrent threads. The ACI (atomicity, consistency, isolation) properties of transactions provide a foundation to ensure that concurrent reads and writes of shared data do not produce inconsistent or incorrect results. At a higher level, a computation wrapped in a transaction executes atomically - either it completes successfully and commits its result in its entirety or it aborts. In addition, isolation ensures the transaction produces the same result as if no other transactions were executing concurrently. Although transactions are not a parallel programming panacea, they shift much of the burden of synchronizing and coordinating parallel computations from a programmer to a compiler, to a language runtime system, or to hardware. The challenge for the system implementers is to build an efficient transactional memory infrastructure. This book presents an overview of the state of the art in the design and implementation of transactional memory systems, as of early spring 2010. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic Transactions / Building on Basic Transactions / Software Transactional Memory / Hardware-Supported Transactional Memory / Conclusions
Author: Tim Harris
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1608452360
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 263
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Book Description
The advent of multicore processors has renewed interest in the idea of incorporating transactions into the programming model used to write parallel programs. This approach, known as transactional memory, offers an alternative, and hopefully better, way to coordinate concurrent threads. The ACI (atomicity, consistency, isolation) properties of transactions provide a foundation to ensure that concurrent reads and writes of shared data do not produce inconsistent or incorrect results. At a higher level, a computation wrapped in a transaction executes atomically - either it completes successfully and commits its result in its entirety or it aborts. In addition, isolation ensures the transaction produces the same result as if no other transactions were executing concurrently. Although transactions are not a parallel programming panacea, they shift much of the burden of synchronizing and coordinating parallel computations from a programmer to a compiler, to a language runtime system, or to hardware. The challenge for the system implementers is to build an efficient transactional memory infrastructure. This book presents an overview of the state of the art in the design and implementation of transactional memory systems, as of early spring 2010. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic Transactions / Building on Basic Transactions / Software Transactional Memory / Hardware-Supported Transactional Memory / Conclusions
Author: Natalie Enright Jerger
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017552
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
This book targets engineers and researchers familiar with basic computer architecture concepts who are interested in learning about on-chip networks. This work is designed to be a short synthesis of the most critical concepts in on-chip network design. It is a resource for both understanding on-chip network basics and for providing an overview of state of-the-art research in on-chip networks. We believe that an overview that teaches both fundamental concepts and highlights state-of-the-art designs will be of great value to both graduate students and industry engineers. While not an exhaustive text, we hope to illuminate fundamental concepts for the reader as well as identify trends and gaps in on-chip network research. With the rapid advances in this field, we felt it was timely to update and review the state of the art in this second edition. We introduce two new chapters at the end of the book. We have updated the latest research of the past years throughout the book and also expanded our coverage of fundamental concepts to include several research ideas that have now made their way into products and, in our opinion, should be textbook concepts that all on-chip network practitioners should know. For example, these fundamental concepts include message passing, multicast routing, and bubble flow control schemes.
Author: Sabri Pllana
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119331994
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 522
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Book Description
Programming multi-core and many-core computing systems Sabri Pllana, Linnaeus University, Sweden Fatos Xhafa, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain Provides state-of-the-art methods for programming multi-core and many-core systems The book comprises a selection of twenty two chapters covering: fundamental techniques and algorithms; programming approaches; methodologies and frameworks; scheduling and management; testing and evaluation methodologies; and case studies for programming multi-core and many-core systems. Program development for multi-core processors, especially for heterogeneous multi-core processors, is significantly more complex than for single-core processors. However, programmers have been traditionally trained for the development of sequential programs, and only a small percentage of them have experience with parallel programming. In the past, only a relatively small group of programmers interested in High Performance Computing (HPC) was concerned with the parallel programming issues, but the situation has changed dramatically with the appearance of multi-core processors on commonly used computing systems. It is expected that with the pervasiveness of multi-core processors, parallel programming will become mainstream. The pervasiveness of multi-core processors affects a large spectrum of systems, from embedded and general-purpose, to high-end computing systems. This book assists programmers in mastering the efficient programming of multi-core systems, which is of paramount importance for the software-intensive industry towards a more effective product-development cycle. Key features: Lessons, challenges, and roadmaps ahead. Contains real world examples and case studies. Helps programmers in mastering the efficient programming of multi-core and many-core systems. The book serves as a reference for a larger audience of practitioners, young researchers and graduate level students. A basic level of programming knowledge is required to use this book.
Author: Abhishek Bhattacharjee
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017579
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
This book provides computer engineers, academic researchers, new graduate students, and seasoned practitioners an end-to-end overview of virtual memory. We begin with a recap of foundational concepts and discuss not only state-of-the-art virtual memory hardware and software support available today, but also emerging research trends in this space. The span of topics covers processor microarchitecture, memory systems, operating system design, and memory allocation. We show how efficient virtual memory implementations hinge on careful hardware and software cooperation, and we discuss new research directions aimed at addressing emerging problems in this space. Virtual memory is a classic computer science abstraction and one of the pillars of the computing revolution. It has long enabled hardware flexibility, software portability, and overall better security, to name just a few of its powerful benefits. Nearly all user-level programs today take for granted that they will have been freed from the burden of physical memory management by the hardware, the operating system, device drivers, and system libraries. However, despite its ubiquity in systems ranging from warehouse-scale datacenters to embedded Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the overheads of virtual memory are becoming a critical performance bottleneck today. Virtual memory architectures designed for individual CPUs or even individual cores are in many cases struggling to scale up and scale out to today's systems which now increasingly include exotic hardware accelerators (such as GPUs, FPGAs, or DSPs) and emerging memory technologies (such as non-volatile memory), and which run increasingly intensive workloads (such as virtualized and/or "big data" applications). As such, many of the fundamental abstractions and implementation approaches for virtual memory are being augmented, extended, or entirely rebuilt in order to ensure that virtual memory remains viable and performant in the years to come.
Author: Michael Lee Scott
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031386841
Category : Computer architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
Zusammenfassung: This book offers a comprehensive survey of shared-memory synchronization, with an emphasis on "systems-level" issues. It includes sufficient coverage of architectural details to understand correctness and performance on modern multicore machines, and sufficient coverage of higher-level issues to understand how synchronization is embedded in modern programming languages. The primary intended audience for this book is "systems programmers"--the authors of operating systems, library packages, language run-time systems, concurrent data structures, and server and utility programs. Much of the discussion should also be of interest to application programmers who want to make good use of the synchronization mechanisms available to them, and to computer architects who want to understand the ramifications of their design decisions on systems-level code
Author: Vaibhav Gogte
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1636393055
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 115
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Book Description
This book introduces readers to emerging persistent memory (PM) technologies that promise the performance of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with the durability of traditional storage media, such as hard disks and solid-state drives (SSDs). Persistent memories (PMs), such as Intel's Optane DC persistent memories, are commercially available today. Unlike traditional storage devices, PMs can be accessed over a byte-addressable load-store interface with access latency that is comparable to DRAM. Unfortunately, existing hardware and software systems are ill-equipped to fully avail the potential of these byte-addressable memory technologies as they have been designed to access traditional storage media over a block-based interface. Several mechanisms have been explored in the research literature over the past decade to design hardware and software systems that provide high-performance access to PMs. Because PMs are durable, they can retain data across failures, such as power failures and program crashes. Upon a failure, recovery mechanisms may inspect PM data, reconstruct state and resume program execution. Correct recovery of data requires that operations to the PM are properly ordered during normal program execution. Memory persistency models define the order in which memory operations are performed at the PM. Much like memory consistency models, memory persistency models may be relaxed to improve application performance. Several proposals have emerged recently to design memory persistency models for hardware and software systems and for high-level programming languages. These proposals differ in several key aspects; they relax PM ordering constraints, introduce varying programmability burden, and introduce differing granularity of failure atomicity for PM operations. This primer provides a detailed overview of the various classes of the memory persistency models, their implementations in hardware, programming languages and software systems proposed in the recent research literature, and the PM ordering techniques employed by modern processors.
Author: Daichi Fujiki
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017722
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
This book provides a structured introduction of the key concepts and techniques that enable in-/near-memory computing. For decades, processing-in-memory or near-memory computing has been attracting growing interest due to its potential to break the memory wall. Near-memory computing moves compute logic near the memory, and thereby reduces data movement. Recent work has also shown that certain memories can morph themselves into compute units by exploiting the physical properties of the memory cells, enabling in-situ computing in the memory array. While in- and near-memory computing can circumvent overheads related to data movement, it comes at the cost of restricted flexibility of data representation and computation, design challenges of compute capable memories, and difficulty in system and software integration. Therefore, wide deployment of in-/near-memory computing cannot be accomplished without techniques that enable efficient mapping of data-intensive applications to such devices, without sacrificing accuracy or increasing hardware costs excessively. This book describes various memory substrates amenable to in- and near-memory computing, architectural approaches for designing efficient and reliable computing devices, and opportunities for in-/near-memory acceleration of different classes of applications.
Author: Rajeev Balasubramonian
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017633
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 129
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Book Description
The memory system has the potential to be a hub for future innovation. While conventional memory systems focused primarily on high density, other memory system metrics like energy, security, and reliability are grabbing modern research headlines. With processor performance stagnating, it is also time to consider new programming models that move some application computations into the memory system. This, in turn, will lead to feature-rich memory systems with new interfaces. The past decade has seen a number of memory system innovations that point to this future where the memory system will be much more than dense rows of unintelligent bits. This book takes a tour through recent and prominent research works, touching upon new DRAM chip designs and technologies, near data processing approaches, new memory channel architectures, techniques to tolerate the overheads of refresh and fault tolerance, security attacks and mitigations, and memory scheduling.
Author: Naveen Muralimanohar
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031017358
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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Book Description
As conventional memory technologies such as DRAM and Flash run into scaling challenges, architects and system designers are forced to look at alternative technologies for building future computer systems. This synthesis lecture begins by listing the requirements for a next generation memory technology and briefly surveys the landscape of novel non-volatile memories. Among these, Phase Change Memory (PCM) is emerging as a leading contender, and the authors discuss the material, device, and circuit advances underlying this exciting technology. The lecture then describes architectural solutions to enable PCM for main memories. Finally, the authors explore the impact of such byte-addressable non-volatile memories on future storage and system designs. Table of Contents: Next Generation Memory Technologies / Architecting PCM for Main Memories / Tolerating Slow Writes in PCM / Wear Leveling for Durability / Wear Leveling Under Adversarial Settings / Error Resilience in Phase Change Memories / Storage and System Design With Emerging Non-Volatile Memories
