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Author: Steven H. Wagner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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"Theorists have shown how credit enhancement in the generic form of collateral can mitigate market failures in credit markets. None of these models has explained, however, why a guarantee rather than collateral will appear in the equilibrium debt contract. In the first essay, I develop optimal debt contracting models under moral hazard to show that lower transactions costs associated with guarantees make them more efficient than collateral. The guarantee contract is feasible, however, only if the business owner is sufficiently wealthy relative to the loan amount. This result suggests that market failure may occur if a small business owner with a high-return project has inadequate personal wealth to guarantee a loan. The second essay in this dissertation uses data from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances to empirically test the predictions of the first essay. I estimate both multinomial logit and ordered probit models to examine the effect of guarantor wealth on the equilibrium enhancement structure for lines of credit. I find that increasing owner wealth results in an increased likelihood that a line of credit will be enhanced with only a personal guarantee and a decreased likelihood that the line of credit will be secured with collateral. I also find that use of the more efficient guarantee is less prevalent when the borrower is located in a non-competitive banking market. Both results are consistent with predictions of the first essay. Relationships between small businesses and financial intermediaries are generally viewed only as mechanisms that arise to mitigate informational asymmetries in credit markets. In the third essay, I use a pooled cross section of the 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances to study relationships between small businesses and their primary source of financial services. I find evidence that mechanisms other than mitigation of informational asymmetries in credit transactions influence the structure and benefits associated with maintaining relationships. I also find that the two empirical measures of relationship strength decreased between 1988 and 2003 as the small business credit market was being transformed by bank consolidation, financial deregulation and technological innovation in small business lending."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Author: Steven H. Wagner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
"Theorists have shown how credit enhancement in the generic form of collateral can mitigate market failures in credit markets. None of these models has explained, however, why a guarantee rather than collateral will appear in the equilibrium debt contract. In the first essay, I develop optimal debt contracting models under moral hazard to show that lower transactions costs associated with guarantees make them more efficient than collateral. The guarantee contract is feasible, however, only if the business owner is sufficiently wealthy relative to the loan amount. This result suggests that market failure may occur if a small business owner with a high-return project has inadequate personal wealth to guarantee a loan. The second essay in this dissertation uses data from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances to empirically test the predictions of the first essay. I estimate both multinomial logit and ordered probit models to examine the effect of guarantor wealth on the equilibrium enhancement structure for lines of credit. I find that increasing owner wealth results in an increased likelihood that a line of credit will be enhanced with only a personal guarantee and a decreased likelihood that the line of credit will be secured with collateral. I also find that use of the more efficient guarantee is less prevalent when the borrower is located in a non-competitive banking market. Both results are consistent with predictions of the first essay. Relationships between small businesses and financial intermediaries are generally viewed only as mechanisms that arise to mitigate informational asymmetries in credit markets. In the third essay, I use a pooled cross section of the 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances to study relationships between small businesses and their primary source of financial services. I find evidence that mechanisms other than mitigation of informational asymmetries in credit transactions influence the structure and benefits associated with maintaining relationships. I also find that the two empirical measures of relationship strength decreased between 1988 and 2003 as the small business credit market was being transformed by bank consolidation, financial deregulation and technological innovation in small business lending."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Author: Iván Blanco
Publisher: Ed. Universidad de Cantabria
ISBN: 8481028770
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
Do financial derivatives enhance or impede innovation? We aim to answer this question by examining the relationship between equity options markets and standard measures of firm innovation. Our baseline results show that firms with more options trading activity generate more patents and patent citations per dollar of R&D invested. We then investigate how more active options markets affect firms' innovation strategy. Our results suggest that firms with greater trading activity pursue a more creative, diverse and risky innovation strategy. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and show that options appear to mitigate managerial career concerns that would induce managers to take actions that boost short-term performance measures. Finally, using several econometric specifications that try to account for the potential endogeneity of options trading, we argue that the positive effect of options trading on firm innovation is causal.
Author: Derek Potter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Self-employment and the operation of private businesses form an important sector of the U.S. labor market, accounting for over 400,000 new organizations launched annually in recent years and nearly two-thirds of job creation according to the Small Business Administration. Yet, ownership of a business is fraught with financial risks, leading some economists to suggest that the average lifetime earnings of private business owners trail those of traditional employment. The three essays that follow explore (a) the motives that may drive people to pursue entrepreneurship despite the financial risk, (b) the asset allocation behavior of practicing entrepreneurs, and (c) the resulting satisfaction levels of those who transition into entrepreneurship. The first essay examines a population of users in the pre-launch phase of business development. Past research has suggested that given the lower expected financial returns from entrepreneurship that motivations to launch a business might be driven by preferences for high degrees of autonomy, overly optimistic assessments of financial outcomes, or higher risk preferences. Measures of each of these phenomena are included in a cohesive model guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior along with other relevant variables. Logistic regression predicting intent to launch a business in the future reveals that more general attitudes towards entrepreneurship increase the likelihood of interest in business ownership, while financial motivations are tied to decreased likelihood. The second essay examines the impact of business ownership during the operation of the business. Granted that business owners possess illiquid private organizations, Modern Portfolio Theory might predict that they reduce exposure to other risky asset classes (e.g., stocks). This essay examines stock ownership with consideration given to entrepreneurial status as well as the level of risk exposure stemming from owning a business. Logistic regression using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances reveals that business owners are less likely to participate in the stock market. An Ordinary Least Squares regression modeling the ratio of equity to total financial assets, however, reveals no significant differences in levels of equity ownership among business owners and the traditionally employed. Collectively, these findings may indicate that entrepreneurs face initial barriers to stock market investment that later fade if participation in the equity market does begin. Finally, the third essay utilizes longitudinal 2008-2014 Health and Retirement Study data to examine levels of job, financial, and life satisfaction. Variable selection is guided by the Job-Demand-Control model, and three random effects cumulative logits are produced. Findings suggest that transitions into entrepreneurship are associated with increased odds of job satisfaction but reduced odds of financial or life satisfaction. Results from these three studies imply that individuals might pursue entrepreneurship for non-financial reasons. However, engaging in the launch of a business could affect financial decision making and asset allocation behavior, as well as subsequent levels of satisfaction with personal finances and life. Implications for organizations and professionals who support prospective entrepreneurs are discussed.
Author: Conglin Xu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Author: Pawan Jain
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This dissertation is composed of three essays. The first essay investigates the information content of the limit order book (LOB) on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE), a purely order-driven market, for predicting future stock price volatility. We find that the LOB supply schedule consistently and significantly predicts the future price volatility. But this predictive power of LOB declines during the extreme market wide movements. We also find that buy orders are more informative over future price volatility than sell orders but sell (buy) orders becomes more informative during the extreme market wide down (up) movement days. Finally, we document that predictive power of LOB is short lived and markets are efficient over the longer time horizon. The second essay examines the effect of high frequency trading on market quality, systemic risk and trading strategies. In 2010 the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the largest exchange headquartered outside the US, introduced a new trading platform, Arrowhead, which reduced latency by 99.97% and increased co-located high-frequency trading from zero to 36% of volume. Arrowhead improved market liquidity and reduced volatility, but it also amplified systematic risks factors like quotes to trade ratio, order-flow autocorrelation and cross correlation, and tail risks. Arrowhead also affected trading strategies by increasing trade price predictability and the use of fleeting orders. Cost of immediacy serves as a channel through which reduced latency affects market quality, systematic risks, and trading outcome. The third essay analyzes the links between corporate finance policies and investment clienteles by comparing the cross-sectional variation in the dividend payout policies of companies across 32 countries. Beyond the impact of firm-specific accounting and financial variables, this study investigates how the country level variations: shareholder demand due to demographic variations and consumption needs, agency problems manifested in the extent of minority shareholder protection and business disclosures, and market quality in terms of transparency and liquidity; affect dividend payout policies. We find that firms have generous dividend payout policies when diverse shareholder demands are strong, extents of business disclosures and legal protections are weak, and the market qualities are poor. The empirical evidence supports the presence of strong dividend clienteles in a global setting. .
Author: Lu Zhang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Depressions
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
This thesis consists of three essays. The first essay studies the ability of stock return idiosyncrasy to predict future economic conditions over time. The second essay investigates the technological innovation and creative destruction during the 1920s and the 1930s, one of the most innovative periods in the 20th century. The third essay tests the performance of an investment strategy using information about past market-wide comovement. Stock return idiosyncrasy, defined as the ratio of firm-specific to systematic risk in individual stock returns, contains information about future growth rate in real GDP, industrial production, real fixed assets investment, and unemployment. Forecasts are generally significant one-quarter-ahead, particularly after World War II. These effects persist after controlling for other potential leading economic indicators, both in-sample and out-of-sample. These findings are consistent with information generating firms, presumably uniquely well-informed about economic conditions because their core business is information, adjusting their information production before downturns. The second essay studies the process of creative destruction during the technological revolution in the 1920s and 1930s. Intensified creative destruction magnifies the performance gap between winner and loser firms, and thus elevates firm-specific stock return variation. We find high firm-specific return variation in innovative industries and firms during the 1920s boom and the subsequent depression. We also find some evidence of elevated firm-specific return variation in manufacturing sectors with higher labor productivity, more research staff and more extensive electrification. In the third essay, we define the directional market-wide comovement measure as the proportion of stocks moving up together. Positing that high comovement reflects large fund inflows, we devise an investment strategy of entering the market whenever positive directional market-wide comovement passes a certain threshold. Specifically, this comovement-based investment strategy holds the market index when the market-wide upward comovement in the prior one to four weeks is above the fourth decile of the historical comovement distribution, and invests in the risk-free asset otherwise. During the sample period of 1954 to 2014, this strategy outperforms the NYSE value-weighted market index by 6.42% per year. Out of sample tests using NASDAQ stocks and TSE stocks validate the strategy. Our findings suggest that marketwide upward comovement identifies periods of market run-ups, when unsophisticated investor buying is apt to be driven by herding or information cascades.
Author: Martin Shubik
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262693110
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 472
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This first volume in a three-volume exposition of Shubik's vision of "mathematical institutional economics" explores a one-period approach to economic exchange with money, debt, and bankruptcy. This is the first volume in a three-volume exposition of Martin Shubik's vision of "mathematical institutional economics"--a term he coined in 1959 to describe the theoretical underpinnings needed for the construction of an economic dynamics. The goal is to develop a process-oriented theory of money and financial institutions that reconciles micro- and macroeconomics, using as a prime tool the theory of games in strategic and extensive form. The approach involves a search for minimal financial institutions that appear as a logical, technological, and institutional necessity, as part of the "rules of the game." Money and financial institutions are assumed to be the basic elements of the network that transmits the sociopolitical imperatives to the economy. Volume 1 deals with a one-period approach to economic exchange with money, debt, and bankruptcy. Volume 2 explores the new economic features that arise when we consider multi-period finite and infinite horizon economies. Volume 3 will consider the specific role of financial institutions and government, and formulate the economic financial control problem linking micro- and macroeconomics.
Author: Fabian Ackermann
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 143
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Author: Jarrod Humphrey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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resource allocation for academic spinouts. Finally, the third essay examines the strategic decision to withdraw a firm from the IPO premarket. Using the CEO, the decision-maker most responsible for IPO withdrawal, I find that entrepreneurial CEOs (founders) increase a firm's probability of IPO withdrawal. Additionally, I show that founder-led IPO firms are more likely to return to the capital markets after a withdrawal than professional CEOs. However, I show these relationships weaken if the CEO enters entrepreneurship from a publicly traded company. I find strong support for my predictions using 24 years of data on all life sciences firms that filed their intention to become publicly traded with the SEC. The three essays contribute to the entrepreneurial strategy, strategic leadership, and knowledge inheritance literature.
Author: Rasim Burak Uras
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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This dissertation consists of three essays that study the economic implications of financial frictions on entrepreneurial investment decision making and aggregate economic performance. The first essay studies investment horizon choice of a distribution of entrepreneurs when a fraction of the financiers within the economy consists of impatient type of lenders. The second essay studies the effects of financial contract enforcement in promoting productive entrepreneurship and economic development. The third essay studies the link between financial development and entrepreneurial capital-labor management. In the first essay, I study the effects of incomplete insurance in financial contracts on risk taking, investment horizon choice and productivity of a distribution of heterogeneous entrepreneurs. I develop a highly-stylized three-period OLG model in which young financiers are heterogeneous in terms of their liquidity needs. As a result, in the model only a fraction of financiers are patient enough to consider their long term lending opportunities. The lending options of financiers are short and long term and any combination of both which result in either short term or long term investment projects undertaken by entrepreneurs. In this setting, equilibrium investment composition (short term vs. long term) and productivity levels of entrepreneurs are determined by their intrinsic entrepreneurial ability distribution, as well as by the fraction of the patient type of financiers in the economy. When productivity improves, entrepreneurial firms increase their capital investment; however, whether they shift to long term oriented projects or not is strongly linked with the liquidity needs of the financiers. Cross-country data shows a positive correlation between a nation's contract enforcement level and its ability to adopt modern technologies. In the second essay of my dissertation, I study the role entrepreneurial incentives play in shaping this empirical observation. I develop and solve a life-cycle model with limited financial contract enforcement, entrepreneurial heterogeneity (ability and financial pledgeability) and technology choice. In the model production processes can be undertaken using either the Traditional or the Modern technology. Depending on the entrepreneurial ability, the modern technology can be more productive relative to the traditional technology, but the former requires a long-term investment making entrepreneur's pledgeability important in his choice. In equilibrium the level of contract enforcement and entrepreneurial characteristics endogenously determine (1) the investment size and (2) the technology choice. Key results of the paper indicate that when financial contract enforcement is weak, the investment size and the intensity of modern technology use of entrepreneurial firms are positively correlated with financial pledgeability. Collateral-building associated with short term investment is important for the results. I calibrate the model to study its quantitative properties. Quantitative experiments illustrate sizeable positive effects of financial contract enforcement on aggregate output and aggregate modern technology adoption for the U.S. economy. Furthermore, counterfactual analysis shows that if financial contract enforcement in Turkey (a low enforcement economy) improves to the U.S. level (a high enforcement economy), output rises by 13-15%; and one third of this change is due to the increase in the rate of modern technology adoption. The third essay in my dissertation provides a quantitative analysis on the effects of firm level financial characteristics in explaining the observed industry-wide productivity heterogeneity in U.S. firm level data. In the first part of the essay, I develop a model in which the interplay between capital and financial market frictions endogenously determine capital-labor ratio decisions of entrepreneurial firms. In this economy capital is costly to rent to some producers due to investment related moral hazard. Therefore, it is beneficial for such entrepreneurs to purchase the capital good instead of renting it. Entrepreneurs can internalize the cost of capital by borrowing in the financial market. However, the amount which can be borrowed is constrained by an entrepreneurs financial market reputation (pledgeability) and his financial asset liquidity (collateral). In equilibrium, firms with lower pledgeability and/or lower liquidity become more labor intensive relative to firms with higher pledgeability and/or liquidity. Distortions to capital rental rates augment the sensitivity of capital-labor choice with respect to firm level financial pledgeability and liquidity. In the second part of the essay, the analytical results are tested in a panel data analysis. Using proxies for "labor intensive production", "financial pledgeability", and "financial asset liquidity" for a large sample of U.S. firms from Compustat North America, I show that low pledgeability and low asset liquidity are associated with labor intensive production. The third part of the essay provides a quantitative analysis. I choose seven major industries in the U.S. economy. For these industries, I show that ability to borrow against financial pledgeability and asset liquidity mitigate the distortionary effects of non-uniform capital rental rates and decrease intra-industry productivity dispersion while increasing industry total factor productivity by quantitatively important proportions. However, there are differential effects of financial pledgeability and financial asset liquidity on aggregate industry performance. My results suggest that the way sectoral firms benefit from the presence of financial pledgeability and asset liquidity depend on sector specific characteristics.
