The Low Temperature Oxidation Chemistry of JP-8 and Its Surrogates at High Pressure PDF Download
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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A research program to study the low temperature oxidation chemistry of JP-8 at high pressures has been conducted at Drexel University. The current program was initiated in June 2003 through a grant from the Army Research Office (Grant No. DAAD19-03-1-0070, Project No. 44458-EG) and was completed in July 2006. The objectives of this project were to determine the effects of fuel composition variations in JP-8 reactivity at low and intermediate temperatures (600 - 1000 K) and elevated pressures (2 - 20 atm), to develop a chemical surrogate for JP-8, and to obtain kinetic information of the JP-8 surrogate components neat and in blends. Fuels were oxidized in a pressurized flow reactor, with complimentary experiments conducted in a single cylinder research engine. Detailed kinetic information was obtained utilizing gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and coupling to a mass spectrometer. In addition, hydrocarbons similar to the JP-8 surrogate components but of lighter molecular weight were studied in detail to ascertain the fundamental branching pathways of hydrocarbons at low temperatures; several other potential surrogate components and blends, including for Fischer-Tropsch JP-8, were also examined.
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
A research program to study the low temperature oxidation chemistry of JP-8 at high pressures has been conducted at Drexel University. The current program was initiated in June 2003 through a grant from the Army Research Office (Grant No. DAAD19-03-1-0070, Project No. 44458-EG) and was completed in July 2006. The objectives of this project were to determine the effects of fuel composition variations in JP-8 reactivity at low and intermediate temperatures (600 - 1000 K) and elevated pressures (2 - 20 atm), to develop a chemical surrogate for JP-8, and to obtain kinetic information of the JP-8 surrogate components neat and in blends. Fuels were oxidized in a pressurized flow reactor, with complimentary experiments conducted in a single cylinder research engine. Detailed kinetic information was obtained utilizing gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and coupling to a mass spectrometer. In addition, hydrocarbons similar to the JP-8 surrogate components but of lighter molecular weight were studied in detail to ascertain the fundamental branching pathways of hydrocarbons at low temperatures; several other potential surrogate components and blends, including for Fischer-Tropsch JP-8, were also examined.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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In an effort to develop surrogate fuels for engine modeling and development, this project is examining the low and intermediate temperature oxidation chemistry of JP-8, potential JP-8 surrogates, and their components at elevated pressure. Experiments are being run in a pressurized flow reactor (PFR) and/or a single cylinder research engine. A fundamental understanding of the preignition chemistry of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, similar to, if not including, components of real fuels, is necessary to advance the development of fuel surrogates. This project is providing information necessary to determine the chemical reaction mechanisms of such hydrocarbons. In prior work, we developed a four-component JP-8 surrogate and a four-component gasoline surrogate, and we characterized their reactivity in the low and intermediate temperature regimes (600-800 K) using our PFR facility to oxidize the fuels and our gas chromatography/mass spectrometer facility to measure the intermediate species. This year, we examined the behavior of jet fuels and the JP-8 surrogate in our single cylinder engine facility, and we used our PFR to explore the autoignition of Fischer-Tropsch JP-8 and a potential Fischer-Tropsch JP-8 surrogate.
Author: David Burton Lenhert
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Airplanes
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Internal combustion engines
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Author: Subith Vasu Sumathi
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Fossil-based hydrocarbon fuels account for over 80% of the primary energy consumed in the world - it is still expected to be about 70% in year 2050 - and nearly 60% of that amount is used in the transport sector. The basis for globalization is transportation and a driving force has been the growth in global air traffic. The current climate crisis magnifies the need for improving the performance of jet engines by introducing scientific designs in which the use of chemical kinetics will be essential and critical for better performance and reducing pollutant emissions. Most aviation fuels are jet fuels originating from crude oil and there are major gaps in our knowledge of the high-temperature chemistry of real liquid carbon-based fuels. There is a critical need for experimental kinetic databases that can be used for the validation and refinement of jet fuel surrogate mechanisms. To fill this need, experiments were performed using shock tube and laser absorption methods to investigate jet fuel and surrogate oxidation systems under engine-relevant conditions. Ignition times and OH species time-histories were measured and low-uncertainty measurements of the reactions of OH with several stable intermediates were carried out. The work presented in this study can be broken into three categories: 1) jet fuel oxidation, 2) surrogate oxidation, and 3) OH radical reactions with several stable combustion intermediates. Ignition delay times were measured for gas-phase jet fuel oxidation (Jet-A and JP-8) in air behind reflected shock waves in a heated high-pressure shock tube. Initial reflected shock conditions were as follows: temperatures of 715-1229 K, pressures of 17-51 atm, equivalence ratios (phi) of 0.5 and 1, and oxygen concentrations of 10 and 21 % in synthetic air. Ignition delay times were measured using sidewall pressure and OH* emission at 306 nm. The new experimental results were modeled using several kinetic mechanisms using various jet fuel surrogate mixtures. Normal and cyclo alkanes are the two most important chemical classes found in jet fuels. Ignition delay time experiments were conducted during high-pressure oxidation of two commonly used representative components for normal and cyclo alkanes in jet fuel surrogates, i.e., n-dodecane and methylcyclohexane (MCH), respectively. Fuel/air ignition was studied for the following shock conditions: temperatures of 727-1177 K, pressures of 17-50 atm, phi's of 0.5 and 1. OH concentration time-histories during high-pressure n-dodecane, n-heptane and MCH oxidation were measured behind reflected shock waves in a heated, high-pressure shock tube. Experimental conditions covered temperatures of 1121 to 1422 K, pressures of 14.1-16.7 atm, and initial fuel concentrations of 500 to 1000 ppm (by volume), and an equivalence ratio of 0.5 with O2 as the oxidizer in argon as the bath gas. OH concentrations were measured using narrow-linewidth ring-dye laser absorption near the R-branchhead of the OH A-X (0,0) system at 306.47 nm. Detailed comparisons of these data with the predictions of various kinetic mechanisms were made. Sensitivity and pathway analyses for these reference fuel components were performed, leading to reaction rate recommendations with improved model performance. Reactions of OH radical with two alkenes (ethylene and propene) and a diene (1,3-butadiene) were studied behind reflected shock waves. Measurements were conducted in the range of temperatures from 890-1438 K and pressures from 1.99-10.18 atm for three initial concentrations of fuels (500ppm, 751.1ppm and 1000ppm). OH radicals were produced by shock-heating tert-butyl hydroperoxide, (CH3)3-CO-OH, and monitored by narrow-line width ring dye laser absorption of the well characterized R1(5) line of the OH A-X (0, 0) band near 306.7 nm. OH time-histories were modeled by using a modified oxidation mechanism and rate constants for the reactions of OH with ethylene, propene, and 1,3-butadiene were extracted by matching modeled and measured OH concentration time histories in the reflected shock region. Detailed error analyses yielded an uncertainty estimate of " 22.8% (OH+ethylene at 1201 K), "16.5% (OH+propene at 1136 K), and "13% (OH+1,3-butadiene at 1200K). Canonical and variational transition state theory calculations using recent ab initio results gave excellent agreement with our experimental measurements and data outside our range and hence the resulting expressions can be used directly in combustion models. In the current studies, a rate measurement for the decomposition of TBHP has been obtained in the range 745-1014 K using both incident and reflected OH data.
Author: Paul Richards
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768006384
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 870
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The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.
Author: Stephen Kowalski
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 352
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Author: Klaus Hannemann
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540851682
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 810
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The 26th International Symposium on Shock Waves in Göttingen, Germany was jointly organised by the German Aerospace Centre DLR and the French-German Research Institute of Saint Louis ISL. The year 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the Symposium, which first took place in 1957 in Boston and has since become an internationally acclaimed series of meetings for the wider Shock Wave Community. The ISSW26 focused on the following areas: Shock Propagation and Reflection, Detonation and Combustion, Hypersonic Flow, Shock Boundary Layer Interaction, Numerical Methods, Medical, Biological and Industrial Applications, Richtmyer Meshkov Instability, Blast Waves, Chemically Reacting Flows, Diagnostics, Facilities, Flow Visualisation, Ignition, Impact and Compaction, Multiphase Flow, Nozzles Flows, Plasmas and Propulsion. The two Volumes contain the papers presented at the symposium and serve as a reference for the participants of the ISSW 26 and individuals interested in these fields.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Airplanes
Languages : en
Pages : 544
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Airplanes
Languages : en
Pages : 710
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