The Indirect Effect of Direct Legislation PDF Download
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Author: Frederick J. Boehmke
Publisher: Ohio State University Press
ISBN: 0814209963
Category : Direct democracy
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
"To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures - in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process.
Author: Frederick J. Boehmke
Publisher: Ohio State University Press
ISBN: 0814209963
Category : Direct democracy
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
"To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures - in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process.
Author: Carolina Gerwin
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346078833
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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Book Description
Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 71, University College London, language: English, abstract: This essay argues that while the concept of indirect effect of EU Law is important for safeguarding individual’s rights due to its several beneficial characteristics, recent case law indicates that the principle of horizontal direct effect becomes more important. The essay starts by focusing on the direct effect of primary EU law, particularly Treaty Articles, before discussing the principle regarding secondary sources, especially directives. After that, strategies developed by the CJEU to neutralise the impact of the rule that directives do not have horizontal direct effect are debated, leading to the conclusion that indirect effect becomes less important.
Author: David Magleby
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN: 9780801869808
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Direct Legislation concludes with a consideration of the developing implications of direct legislation for legislatures, political parties, candidate elections, and other political institutions and processes.
Author: David B. Magleby
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Author: Nigel Foster
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199639809
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
This textbook is written in an informal and engaging manner with an emphasis on explaining the key topics covered in EU courses with clarity. End of chapter questions encourage students to test and reinforce their own learning.
Author: PAUL. CRAIG
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780198915522
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Ogochukwu C. Nweke
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346337081
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, , language: English, abstract: This document discusses how the Court of Justice of the European Union has over the years adopted and used the Direct effect, Indirect effect and State liability principles to make the EU Laws more effective, both in terms of interpretation and application, especially with regards to EU Directives. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) whose composition and functions were enunciated in Section 5 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 2008, was established in 1952, with the aim of interpreting the Laws of the European Union, making sure that the application of these laws are uniform and consistent in all EU countries. The CJEU also “settles legal disputes between national governments and EU institutions.” The CJEU is divided into two courts. It gives rulings on cases brought before it and in doing so, it is required to give preliminary rulings in its capacity to interpret the laws (among other capacities) "to ensure EU law is properly applied, but courts in different countries might interpret it differently. If a national court is in doubt about the interpretation or validity of an EU law, it can ask the Court for clarification. The same mechanism can be used to determine whether a national law or practice is compatible with EU law."
Author: Erik J. Engstrom
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107050391
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 245
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Book Description
This book demonstrates that nineteenth-century electoral politics were the product of institutions that prescribed how votes were cast and were converted into political offices.
Author: Anu Bradford
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190088605
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
For many observers, the European Union is mired in a deep crisis. Between sluggish growth; political turmoil following a decade of austerity politics; Brexit; and the rise of Asian influence, the EU is seen as a declining power on the world stage. Columbia Law professor Anu Bradford argues the opposite in her important new book The Brussels Effect: the EU remains an influential superpower that shapes the world in its image. By promulgating regulations that shape the international business environment, elevating standards worldwide, and leading to a notable Europeanization of many important aspects of global commerce, the EU has managed to shape policy in areas such as data privacy, consumer health and safety, environmental protection, antitrust, and online hate speech. And in contrast to how superpowers wield their global influence, the Brussels Effect - a phrase first coined by Bradford in 2012- absolves the EU from playing a direct role in imposing standards, as market forces alone are often sufficient as multinational companies voluntarily extend the EU rule to govern their global operations. The Brussels Effect shows how the EU has acquired such power, why multinational companies use EU standards as global standards, and why the EU's role as the world's regulator is likely to outlive its gradual economic decline, extending the EU's influence long into the future.
Author: Henrik Christensen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642116949
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 494
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Book Description
Design of cognitive systems for assistance to people poses a major challenge to the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. The Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistance (CoSy) project was organized to address the issues of i) theoretical progress on design of cognitive systems ii) methods for implementation of systems and iii) empirical studies to further understand the use and interaction with such systems. To study, design and deploy cognitive systems there is a need to considers aspects of systems design, embodiment, perception, planning and error recovery, spatial insertion, knowledge acquisition and machine learning, dialog design and human robot interaction and systems integration. The CoSy project addressed all of these aspects over a period of four years and across two different domains of application – exploration of space and task / knowledge acquisition for manipulation. The present volume documents the results of the CoSy project. The CoSy project was funded by the European Commission as part of the Cognitive Systems Program within the 6th Framework Program.
