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Author: Jaclyn M. Schwarz
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1615043519
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 131
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Book Description
The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals which direct or significantly alter the developmental trajectory of cells, neural circuits, and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Contrary to initial dogma that the brain is one of the few organs within the body that is immune-privileged, evidence indicates that the immune system has a critical role in brain function during development as well as during sickness and health in adulthood. Microglia are the primary immune cells within the brain, and they are in constant communication with the peripheral immune system and surrounding cell types within the brain. We describe the important role of the immune system, including microglia, during brain development, and discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, and cognition. Growing evidence indicates that there is a strong link between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. Thus, understanding the role of the immune system and immune activation during the critical period of brain development is a necessary step toward understanding the potential origins of these devastating disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Immune Response / Brain-Immune Communication / Microglia Are Immune Cells of the Brain / The Functional Role of Microglia and Immune Molecules in Neurodevelopment / Early-Life Programming of Brain and Behavior: A Critical Role for the Immune System / Commonly Used Models of Early Life Immune Activation in the Rodent / Early Life Immune Activation and Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood / Mechanisms Underlying the Enduring Changes in Neuroimmune Function Caused by Early Life Infection / Toll-Like Receptors and Immune Activation During Early Brain Development / Environmental Triggers of TLR Activation: Long-Term Programming of Brain and Behavior / Future Directions to Understanding Immune Function and Brain Development / References
Author: Jaclyn M. Schwarz
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1615043519
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 131
Get Book Here
Book Description
The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals which direct or significantly alter the developmental trajectory of cells, neural circuits, and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Contrary to initial dogma that the brain is one of the few organs within the body that is immune-privileged, evidence indicates that the immune system has a critical role in brain function during development as well as during sickness and health in adulthood. Microglia are the primary immune cells within the brain, and they are in constant communication with the peripheral immune system and surrounding cell types within the brain. We describe the important role of the immune system, including microglia, during brain development, and discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, and cognition. Growing evidence indicates that there is a strong link between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. Thus, understanding the role of the immune system and immune activation during the critical period of brain development is a necessary step toward understanding the potential origins of these devastating disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Immune Response / Brain-Immune Communication / Microglia Are Immune Cells of the Brain / The Functional Role of Microglia and Immune Molecules in Neurodevelopment / Early-Life Programming of Brain and Behavior: A Critical Role for the Immune System / Commonly Used Models of Early Life Immune Activation in the Rodent / Early Life Immune Activation and Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood / Mechanisms Underlying the Enduring Changes in Neuroimmune Function Caused by Early Life Infection / Toll-Like Receptors and Immune Activation During Early Brain Development / Environmental Triggers of TLR Activation: Long-Term Programming of Brain and Behavior / Future Directions to Understanding Immune Function and Brain Development / References
Author: Tardieu Marc
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128079118
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 13
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Book Description
A short overview of the specificities of immune response within the brain is given as an introduction to subsequent chapters on infectious and inflammatory diseases of the child's brain. The blood–brain barrier starts developing during vascular proliferation of the developing brain during neurogenesis but maturation is not completed until several weeks after birth, and varies in different parts of the brain. The development of postcapillary venules in which cell recruitment occurs seems to be completed at birth. Brain macrophages are detected in brain tissue from the 8th to 12th week of gestation and then exert an important role during neuroblast selection and differentiation, as astrocytes and macrophages acquire the ability to secrete soluble substances. From the third trimester, the fetal brain is able to generate an inflammatory reaction and toll-like receptors can be detected on the surface of fetal neurons and glial cells. Innate immunity maturation occurs within weeks after birth. Although neonates lack preexisting immunological memory and have a small number of immune cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues, they are competent to develop a mature T-cell response, they have a strong CD8 cytotoxic function, and dendritic cells are fully competent.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309069882
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 610
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Book Description
How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Author: Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420008412
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444535454
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 362
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Book Description
It is now well recognized that the brain, and especially the hypothalamus, plays an important role in the regulation of immune reactions and inflammation. This book aims to review our current state of knowledge of this important field. Key historical findings are presented, and the reciprocal interactions between the brain and the immune system are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on inflammation, a critical host defense reaction that serves as an effector response for both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Mechanisms implicated in brain defense, as well as in more general host defense, are discussed. The regulatory influences of the brain on inflammatory responses are included with particular reference to the role of the hypothalamus, which is also the main director the hormonal regulation of immune/inflammatory. Gender-related differences in immune responsiveness, circadian modulator of immune responses, and evidence that behavioral conditioning (e.g. reward) of immune responses is possible are used as examples to reinforce the notion that the neuroendocrine system exerts a fundamental and complex regulatory influence on the immune system. Presents timely issues such as immunological aspects of the blood-brain-barrier and the role of inflammatory mediators in the evolution of strokes and degenerative diseases Includes analysis of the role of the brain in the adaptive responses to disease Evaluates the argument that further knowledge of the influence of the brain on the immune system will provide new insights to the pathophysiology infectious and autoimmune diseases
Author: Sherry G. Selevan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Brain
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Author: Mats Lekander
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198863446
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 265
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Book Description
What do feeling sick and being afraid of strangers have in common? The answer is that these feelings represent a behavioural drive which evolved in our ancestors to combat the most dangerous threat to survival: infection. Behaviour and emotions play pivotal roles in the struggle for good health. When your body is telling your brain that you are sick, you are experiencing survival strategies that developed years ago. Listening to these feelings will allow you to save energy that can be used for recuperation and recovery. Urges of staying still, noticing pain, feeling sorry for yourself, and focusing inward are bodily messages that benefit immune defence. For our forefathers, in whom these strategies evolved, it wasn't enough to change behaviour once sick. Defensive behaviours to be able to avoid infection in the first place were also needed. Thus, tools for detecting illness in others evolved. This is why superficial signs of ill-health, or maybe even the prejudicial idea of a person with a foreign bacterial culture, can cause anxiety and avoidance. Not surprisingly, having a too high or too low sensitivity to inner or outer disease signals is connected to mental as well as somatic disorders. In this book, Mats Lekander explains the science behind perceived health, using Barbie dolls, visual illusions, personal experiences, placebo, hypochondriacs and historical anecdotes. Placed against a back-drop of the latest neuroscience and psychoneuroimmunology he explains why you feel healthy or sick. He describes when he poisoned himself at work and enjoyed it, and why white blood cells and inflammation are key players when our brains trys to guess what is going in our inner worlds. The result is an absorbing and eye-opening book, one that seems so relevant in the current times.
Author: Adam Denes
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889195147
Category : Brain
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
Brain-immune interactions are essential to maintain health and their dysfunction contributes to diverse human diseases. Recent data show that haematopoietic processes and immune organs are under central autonomic control. Deficient regulation of inflammatory events contributes to brain diseases, whereas acute or chronic brain injury is linked with the development of systemic inflammatory conditions or immunosuppression. At present, common disorders with high socio-economic burden such as cancer, cardiovascular-, neuroinflammatory- and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, allergies, autism, psychiatric conditions and sepsis are believed to be influenced, at least in part, by the dysfunction of brain-immune communication. Since the median age of the world's population is increasing rapidly, it is expected that the burden of common non-communicable diseases will further increase, which represents a huge challenge to the health care systems worldwide. Thus, there is an increasing demand to understand and treat complex diseases, many of which are age-related, and this is not possible unless the fine-tuned communication between large systems -such as the nervous and the immune system- is comprehensively understood. Although it is impossible to cover all areas of relevant research in this field, papers in this eBook give some insight to a few important aspects of brain-immune interactions and their contribution to disease. We hope that this collection could stimulate further relevant research and facilitate discussions to support the understanding of the highly complex interactions between the immune system and the brain in health and disease.
Author: Matcheri S. Keshavan
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521485654
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
In this important 1997 book on the role of neurodevelopmental factors in the pathogenesis of the major psychiatric disorders, the fields of developmental neurobiology, clinical psychiatry and behavioural neuroscience are reviewed by an international group of experts, including many of those responsible for the ideas that have come to dominate current thinking. The first section, 'The Developing Brain', reviews neurodevelopment from the molecular to the behavioural level. Section Two, 'Development and Psychopathology', covers clinical applications of the basic principles of developmental neurobiology. The third and final section, 'Integrative Models', presents approaches toward a synthesis of neurodevelopmental and clinical findings in psychiatric disorder. For students, scientists and clinicians in psychiatry, psychology, and neurodevelopment, this is an essential reference.
Author: Lauren Cheney
Publisher: Allen & Unwin
ISBN: 1760633909
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
A blueprint for your child's nutrition and brain health Doctor-approved and parent-tested, the Smart Baby Cookbook helps you give your young one a head-start for a healthy life, beginning with the best first foods, through to finger foods and family meals. Including: The science behind 'SMART' foods and their effects on immunity and brain function Meal planners organised by baby's age and stages of development, plus advice for starting solids Easy-to-make family favourite recipes designed for maximum nutrition Budget-friendly recipes with minimal prep and no separate cooking required When chef Lauren Cheney's baby was born with a rare immunity disorder, she threw herself into researching the best foods that could help him thrive. Drawing on advice from child health experts, she developed recipes for nutrient-packed everyday meals. Now with this empowering guide, her advice and recipes are available for families everywhere, helping to nourish the bodies and brains of the little ones we love.
