The Geochemical Behavior of Metalloids and Their Effect on the Highly Siderophile Elements During the Crystallization of a Magmatic Sulfide Liquid in Relation to the Formation of Ni-Cu-PGE Magmatic Sulfide Deposits PDF Download
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Author: Fabio Cafagna
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Fabio Cafagna
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Galina Palyanova
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 303928634X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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This Special Issue covers a broad range of topics related to the mineralogy of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru) and the occurrence, formation, and distribution of these elements in natural ore-forming systems. This collection of eleven research articles discusses various problems related to these topics. I hope this Special Issue will contribute to a better understanding of the genesis of gold, silver, and other noble metal deposits as well as the behavior of these elements in endogenic and supergene environments, and suggest ways forward to solving the problem of their full extraction from ores.
Author: Yanan Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Abstract A more quantitative understanding of how highly siderophile elements (HSEs: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, Re), Ag, Pb and chalcogens (As, Se, Sb, Te and Bi) behave during magmatic sulfide solidification in nature builds on several important aspects: 1) accurate measurements of their concentrations in natural samples; 2) quantitative constraints on their partitioning behaviors; 3) a crystallization model that can reasonably simulate the ore deposits of interest. In order to better measure the concentrations of these elements during the solidification of sulfide melts, we have developed a new Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) standard (Ge-Sb-S glass; Ge6) for improving the trace level measurements of these elements in both sulfide and silicate glass matrices. The Ge6 composition has excellent glass forming capability and can incorporate a variety of dopants up to the 100 ppm level, except for Ru, Os, Re, W and Mo, which can be doped to 5-10 ppm without sacrificing homogeneity. Reference materials (JBSulfide, NiS4, JGb-1, JG-1a, JB-2, BIR-1, BHVO-1) were tested using Ge6 as the standard, and the results agree with accepted values. To better understand and simulate the partitioning behaviors of these elements, a series of experiments to measure partition coefficients (D values) between monosulfide solid solution (MSS) and sulfide melt, as well as MSS and intermediate solid solution (ISS) were also conducted, at 0.1 MPa and 860-926 °C (where these phases can be stabilized), log fS2 -3.0 to -2.2 (similar to the Pt-PtS buffer), with fO2 controlled at the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer. The IPGEs (Os, Ir, Ru), Rh and Re are found to be compatible in MSS relative to sulfide melt with D values ranging from ~20 to ~5, and DRe/DOs of ~0.5. Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, Zn, Pb, as well as the chalcogens, are incompatible in MSS, with D values ranging from ~0.1 to ~1 x 10-3. For the same metal/sulfur ratio, D values for the IPGEs, Rh and Re are systematically larger than most previous studies and correlate with higher oxygen content in the sulfide liquid, reflecting the significant effect of oxygen on increasing the activity coefficients for these elements in the melt phase. MSS/ISS partitioning experiments reveal that Ru, Os, Ir, Rh and Re are partitioned into MSS by a factor of >50, whereas Pd, Pt, Ag, Au and the chalcogens partition from weakly (Se, As) to strongly (Ag, Au) into ISS. Uniformly low MSS- and ISS- melt partition coefficients for the chalcogens, Pt, Pd, Ag and Au will lead to enrichment in the residual sulfide liquid, but D values are generally too large to reach early saturation in Pt-Pd-chalcogen-rich accessory minerals, based on current solubility estimates. Instead, these phases likely precipitate at the last dregs of crystallization. Modeled evolution curves for the PGEs and chalcogens are in reasonably good agreement with whole-rock sulfide compositions for the McCreedy East deposit (Sudbury, Ontario), consistent with an origin by crystallization of MSS, then MSS + ISS from sulfide magma.
Author: Jason Harvey
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 1501502093
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 798
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Highly Siderophile and Strongly Chalcophile Elements in High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Volume 81 This RiMG (Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry) volume investigates the application of highly siderophile (HSE) and strongly chalcophile elements. This volume has its origin in a short course sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society held in San Diego, California on the 11th and 12th December 2015, ahead of the American Geophysical Union’s Fall Meeting, which featured a session with the same title. Topics in this volume include: analytical methods and data quality experimental constraints applied to understanding HSE partitioning nucleosynthetic variations of siderophile and chalcophile elements HSE in the Earth, Moon, Mars and asteroidal bodies HSE and chalcophile elements in both cratonic and non-cratonic mantle, encompassing both sub-continental and sub-oceanic lithosphere the importance of the HSE for studying volcanic and magmatic processes, and an appraisal of the importance of magmatic HSE ore formation in Earth’s crust. Highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile elements comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, Au, Te, Se and S and are defined by their strong partitioning into the metallic phase, but will also strongly partition into sulfide phases, in the absence of metal. The chemical properties of the HSE mean that they are excellent tracers of key processes in high temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, having applications in virtually all areas of earth science. A key aspect of the HSE is that three long-lived, geologically useful decay systems exist with the HSE as parent (107Pd-107Ag), or parent-daughter isotopes (187Re-187Os and 190Pt-186Os). The material in this book is accessible for graduate students, researchers, and professionals with interests in the geochemistry and cosmochemistry of these elements, geochronology, magmatic ore bodies and the petrogenesis of platinum-group minerals.
Author: Laurence Robb
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118687574
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 543
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Book Description
Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes is the first senior undergraduate – postgraduate textbook to focus specifically on the multiplicity of geological processes that result in the formation of mineral deposits. Opens with an overview of magmatic ore-forming processes Moves systematically through hydrothermal and sedimentary metallogenic environments, covering as it does the entire gamut of mineral deposit types, including the fossil fuels and supergene ores The final chapter relates metallogeny to global tectonics by examining the distribution of mineral deposits in space and time Boxed examples of world famous ore deposits are featured throughout providing context and relevance to the process-oriented descriptions of ore genesis Brings the discipline of economic geology back into the realm of conventional mainstream earth science by emphasizing the fact that mineral deposits are simply one of the many natural wonders of geological process and evolution. Artwork from the book is available to instructors at www.blackwellpublishing.com/robb.
Author: James Brenan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Author: Peter H. Nixon
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 892
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The eruption of deep-seated xenoliths in basaltic, alnoitic, kimberlitic, etc volcanoes provides the geologist with an important direct means of examining the fragments of the earth's mantle and lower crust.
Author: Danielle Brand
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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The gravitational settling dynamics of molten iron droplets through silicate material is an important process during the early impact history of the Earth where settling may have occurred within magma oceans or within metal plume conduits descending rapidly to form the metallic cores in terrestrial bodies. Implications for equilibration of liquid metal in the silicate mantle are key in aiding our understanding of the thermo-chemical evolution of Earth. To simultaneously meet geochemical constraints for rapid core formation as well as siderophile trace element distribution throughout the upper mantle, an emulsion of iron droplets or an emulsion metal plume may be important. Previous experiments have shown that descending metal silicate plumes entrain magma ocean material in trailing conduits that travel to the core-mantle boundary. It has also been shown that the style of metal emulsions will descend through these conduits in two stages, as a coalesced group within the plume head and later settling through the conduit column. However, the nature of iron settling through a magma ocean and within conduits is only understood in a rudimentary way. Here, I consider physical fluid models which study the settling of liquid iron droplets through silicate melts using liquid gallium emulsions and glucose solutions. I test the effect of several physical properties including the metal volumetric ratio, density difference, fluid viscosity, metal droplet diameter, and liquid versus solid metal spheres. Three stages are observed during gravitational settling. Regime 1 reveals rapid sinking of liquid metal droplets and entrainment of low-density (light element) fluids into a metal pond and into the core itself, regime 2 is characterized by upward migration of entrained fluid and regime 3 couples slow compaction of metal droplets at the base with final segregation of residual glucose solution. Results show that high volumetric ratios and low viscosity ratios of metal to magmas will have faster sinking velocities and metal pond or core formation times. I find that increased metal volumetric ratio and liquid (versus solid) metal spheres demonstrates more entrainment of magma into a metal pond or into the core. Higher levels of entrainment predicts the presence of light elements in the core during its formation and suggests “bottom-up” migration of light elements and metal-silicate segregation at high pressures during post core forming events. Upward migration of light elements will leave behind higher bulk density metals that initiate overturn in the outer core and can assist in powering the geodynamo. Finally, the settling process of emulsion metal droplets through magma oceans, plume conduits, and entrainment into the core provide a large surface areas and longer residence time for metal-silicate equilibration to address the excess siderophile observation while still descending rapidly enough to form the Earth's core in 30 My. I observe a metal sediment layer that forms above the metallic core after settling. If this sediment layer is stable, it may be entrained in upwelling mantle plumes over the Earth’s history and contribute towards mixing of siderophile elements with mantle minerals.
Author: Rubén Piña
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319931547
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
This book describes the Aguablanca Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, the first, and to date only, mineralization of this type in southwestern (SW) Europe. Since its discovery in 1993, this ore deposit has attracted the attention of the resource geology community due to its unusual geodynamic context, namely an active plate margin. The book focuses on the key features of the deposit and reports on the ore-forming processes that were most important for its formation.
Author: K. J. Schulz
Publisher: Geological Survey
ISBN: 9781411339910
Category : Industrial minerals
Languages : en
Pages : 868
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Book Description
As the importance and dependence of specific mineral commodities increase, so does concern about their supply. The United States is currently 100 percent reliant on foreign sources for 20 mineral commodities and imports the majority of its supply of more than 50 mineral commodities. Mineral commodities that have important uses and face potential supply disruption are critical to American economic and national security. However, a mineral commodity's importance and the nature of its supply chain can change with time; a mineral commodity that may not have been considered critical 25 years ago may be critical today, and one considered critical today may not be so in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey has produced this volume to describe a select group of mineral commodities currently critical to our economy and security. For each mineral commodity covered, the authors provide a comprehensive look at (1) the commodity's use; (2) the geology and global distribution of the mineral deposit types that account for the present and possible future supply of the commodity; (3) the current status of production, reserves, and resources in the United States and globally; and (4) environmental considerations related to the commodity's production from different types of mineral deposits. The volume describes U.S. critical mineral resources in a global context, for no country can be self-sufficient for all its mineral commodity needs, and the United States will always rely on global mineral commodity supply chains. This volume provides the scientific understanding of critical mineral resources required for informed decisionmaking by those responsible for ensuring that the United States has a secure and sustainable supply of mineral commodities.
