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Author: Ran Abramitzky
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
We study differences in economic outcomes by perceived skin tone among African Americans using full-count U.S. decennial census data from the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Comparing children coded as "Black" or "Mulatto" by census enumerators and linking these children across population censuses, we first document large gaps in educational attainment and income among African Americans with darker and lighter perceived skin tones. To disentangle the drivers of these gaps, we identify all 36,329 families in which enumerators assigned same-gender siblings different Black/Mulatto classifications. Relative to sisters coded as Mulatto, sisters coded as Black had lower educational attainment, were less likely to marry, and had lower-earning, less-educated husbands. These patterns are consistent with more severe contemporaneous discrimination against African-American women with darker perceived skin tones. In contrast, we find similar educational attainment, marital outcomes, and incomes among differently-classified brothers. Men perceived as African Americans of any skin tone faced similar contemporaneous discrimination, consistent with the "one-drop" racial classification rule that grouped together individuals with any known Black ancestry. Lower incomes for African-American men perceived as having darker skin tone in the general population were driven by differences in opportunities and resources that varied across families, likely reflecting the impacts of historical or family-level discrimination.
Author: Ran Abramitzky
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
We study differences in economic outcomes by perceived skin tone among African Americans using full-count U.S. decennial census data from the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Comparing children coded as "Black" or "Mulatto" by census enumerators and linking these children across population censuses, we first document large gaps in educational attainment and income among African Americans with darker and lighter perceived skin tones. To disentangle the drivers of these gaps, we identify all 36,329 families in which enumerators assigned same-gender siblings different Black/Mulatto classifications. Relative to sisters coded as Mulatto, sisters coded as Black had lower educational attainment, were less likely to marry, and had lower-earning, less-educated husbands. These patterns are consistent with more severe contemporaneous discrimination against African-American women with darker perceived skin tones. In contrast, we find similar educational attainment, marital outcomes, and incomes among differently-classified brothers. Men perceived as African Americans of any skin tone faced similar contemporaneous discrimination, consistent with the "one-drop" racial classification rule that grouped together individuals with any known Black ancestry. Lower incomes for African-American men perceived as having darker skin tone in the general population were driven by differences in opportunities and resources that varied across families, likely reflecting the impacts of historical or family-level discrimination.
Author: Trinity Alexander
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
Hidden within the commonly discussed notion of racism is discrimination based on skin color, also known as colorism. Colorism is a form of prejudice in which people are treated differently based on societal meanings attached to skin color. Even less evaluated is the notion of intra-group colorism, which is prejudice based on color within a single ethnic group. The current research studied the unique ways in which colorism affects African American men and women. Procedure: Participants were recruited online via MTurk and completed three Implicit Association Tests (IAT) and one Questionnaire. The IATs examined participant's preference for light vs. medium skin tone, light vs. dark skin tone, and medium vs. dark skin tone. The questionnaire explored participants' beliefs about skin tone and skin color satisfaction, skin tone preferences, internalized racist views, and perceived discrimination. Results: Men and women explicitly preferred lighter skin tones over dark skin. The implicit desire for the lighter of two skin tones was observed in both gender groups, with men preferring light over medium skin tones, light over dark skin tones, and medium over dark skin tones. Women only showed a preference for medium over dark skin tones. As skin color preference became lighter, colorism increased for men but not for women. As internalized racism, skin color dissatisfaction, and colorism increased, psychological distress also increased for men and women. Skin color satisfaction, colorism, and internalized racism uniquely explained variance in one another for men and women. As women's skin color became darker, perceived discrimination increased. Perceived skin color-based discrimination from other African Americans led to increased psychological distress for women. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that experiences of colorism differ by gender, and the effects of intra-group colorism may be especially harmful to women. Future research should seek to understand these relationships with more clarity by including a more comprehensive choice of skin color options and exploring other ways in which variables relate to and predict one another.
Author: Wallace Thurman
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486461343
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
A source of controversy upon its 1929 publication, this novel was the first to openly address color prejudice among black Americans. The author, an active member of the Harlem Renaissance, offers insightful reflections of the era's mood and spirit in an enduringly relevant examination of racial, sexual, and cultural identity.
Author: Margaret L. Hunter
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136074902
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
Race, Gender, and the Politics of Skin Tone tackles the hidden yet painful issue of colorism in the African American and Mexican American communities. Beginning with a historical discussion of slavery and colonization in the Americas, the book quickly moves forward to a contemporary analysis of how skin tone continues to plague people of color today. This is the first book to explore this well-known, yet rarely discussed phenomenon.
Author: Kierstyn K. Johnson-Wigfall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colorism
Languages : en
Pages : 147
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Book Description
The purpose of this proposed dissertation is to examine the relationship of students' skin color and gender to school disciplinary decisions for African American children. While skin tone bias or colorism is frequently studied, limited research has been completed about its prevalence in American public schools during the discipline process. For example, school suspension leads to higher rates of absenteeism, lower academic achievement and higher chances of incarceration. Even students who receive an office referral and return to class minutes later miss pertinent instruction time. This study aims to: 1) add to the body of literature about this topic, 2) shape political discourse about future school discipline policies and procedures, and 3) assist school divisions in designing professional development to bring awareness to the idea of colorism in the field of education. The literature shows that dark-skinned African American children are disciplined at a higher rate than light-skinned African American children. A student's skin tone and gender could office referrals and suspension rates. Using implicit social cognition and Critical RaceTheory (CRT) as the theoretical framework, this study will seek to understand the school personnel's disciplinary decisions based on the skin tone and gender of students that may occur outside of conscious awareness or control. This study will add to the current body of literature by gaining a better understanding of factors that can predict how school personnel discipline African American students of varying skin tones, compared to white students.
Author: Caitlin Lapine
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
Author: Tiffany R. Davis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 174
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Book Description
Studies have found skin tone to be influential in African American socioeconomic status, educational attainment, racial categorization, social perceptions and stereotypes, gender, as well as in African-Americans' perceptions of themselves. "Abstract, iv."
Author: Shraddha Selani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Body image in women
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
"Women of color in the United States are impacted by both racism and colorism, forces that sometimes translate into dissatisfaction with their skin tone and the dangerous practice of skin bleaching. This study developed a measure of skin color dissatisfaction called the Skin Color Discrepancy (SCD), a metric assessing the distance between natural and ideal skin tones, meant to be sensitive and inclusive of darker skin tones. To test the construct validity of the SCD, it was compared to Skin Color Questionnaire (STQ) and Skin Color Satisfaction Scale (SCSS), with each regressed onto perceived racism, perceived colorism, and frequency of skin bleaching behaviors in separate multiple regressions. Contrary to expectations, the SCSS measure was a superior predictor of all the related constructs, suggesting that perception of skin tone dissatisfaction outperforms a measure of distance between natural and ideal skin tones. However, participants found the SCD's color palette more representative-and thus more inclusive-of their natural skin tone than the STQ scale's palette. The present findings suggest that the SCSS is a useful measure of skin color dissatisfaction and that the SCD may serve as a useful metric of distance from natural to ideal skin tone."--Abstract.
Author: Nina G. Jablonski
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520953770
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 285
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Book Description
Living Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body’s most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound and complex ways. In a fascinating and wide-ranging discussion, Nina G. Jablonski begins with the biology and evolution of skin pigmentation, explaining how skin color changed as humans moved around the globe. She explores the relationship between melanin pigment and sunlight, and examines the consequences of rapid migrations, vacations, and other lifestyle choices that can create mismatches between our skin color and our environment. Richly illustrated, this book explains why skin color has come to be a biological trait with great social meaning— a product of evolution perceived by culture. It considers how we form impressions of others, how we create and use stereotypes, how negative stereotypes about dark skin developed and have played out through history—including being a basis for the transatlantic slave trade. Offering examples of how attitudes about skin color differ in the U.S., Brazil, India, and South Africa, Jablonski suggests that a knowledge of the evolution and social importance of skin color can help eliminate color-based discrimination and racism.
Author: Lori L. Tharps
Publisher: Beacon Press
ISBN: 0807076791
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
Weaving together personal stories, history, and analysis, Same Family, Different Colors explores the myriad ways skin-color politics affect family dynamics in the United States. Colorism and color bias—the preference for or presumed superiority of people based on the color of their skin—is a pervasive and damaging but rarely openly discussed phenomenon. In this unprecedented book, Lori L. Tharps explores the issue in African American, Latino, Asian American, and mixed-race families and communities by weaving together personal stories, history, and analysis. The result is a compelling portrait of the myriad ways skin-color politics affect family dynamics in the United States. Tharps, the mother of three mixed-race children with three distinct skin colors, uses her own family as a starting point to investigate how skin-color difference is dealt with. Her journey takes her across the country and into the lives of dozens of diverse individuals, all of whom have grappled with skin-color politics and speak candidly about experiences that sometimes scarred them. From a Latina woman who was told she couldn’t be in her best friend’s wedding photos because her dark skin would “spoil” the pictures, to a light-skinned African American man who spent his entire childhood “trying to be Black,” Tharps illuminates the complex and multifaceted ways that colorism affects our self-esteem and shapes our lives and relationships. Along with intimate and revealing stories, Tharps adds a historical overview and a contemporary cultural critique to contextualize how various communities and individuals navigate skin-color politics. Groundbreaking and urgent, Same Family, Different Colors is a solution-seeking journey to the heart of identity politics, so that this more subtle “cousin to racism,” in the author’s words, will be exposed and confronted.
