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Author: John L. Koprowski
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Author: John L. Koprowski
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Author: Michael A. Steele
Publisher: McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321222340
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 144
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Understanding why sociality evolved in its many present day forms is a central question in evolutionary biology. Many studies have demonstrated benefits of group living including reduced predation risk, improved foraging success, and improved fitness. Alternatively, a species may be constrained to be social because of its ecology, evolutionary history, or life history. In addition, selection may act on proximate mechanisms, such as the neuroendocrine and immune systems, during social evolution. In this dissertation, I investigate various hypotheses for social evolution in Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi), a ground-dwelling squirrel famous for its nepotistic relationships among female kin. First, I examined the evolutionary history of social evolution in the Marmotini, the clade to which ground-dwelling squirrels belong. Next, I conducted a four-year field study where I tested how kin relationships, predation risk and proximate mechanisms influenced social evolution in Belding's ground squirrels. I also performed a laboratory experiment where I tested how chronically raised stress hormones impact immune function. I found that social complexity in ground-dwelling squirrels evolves in a stepwise manner, with transitions occurring most frequently between adjacent social states. Social complexity was correlated with more open, risky environments and with delayed sexual maturation. In my field study, I found that females exhibit reduced vigilance behavior when they have more close kin alive in the meadow. This behavioral benefit corresponds to increased foraging and body condition and may be mediated by the fact that females alarm call to warn their female kin of predators. Finally, I found that experiencing chronic stress reduces innate immune function after, but not before, an immune challenge. These results suggest that U. beldingi may be adapted to experiencing chronic stress. Together, these studies provide a comprehensive view of social evolution in this species with perspectives from three of four of Tinbergen's levels of analysis. More specifically, my thesis supports the hypothesis that multiple mechanisms promoted the evolution of sociality in Belding's ground squirrels. My results suggest that kin selection, predation risk and historical constraints contributed to ground-dwelling squirrel social evolution and that selection may have acted on the neuroendocrine system during this process.
Author: Anne Marie van der Marel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Sociality evolves when the benefits outweigh the costs of interacting with conspecifics and can be influenced by genetic, phylogenetic, life history, or ecological constraints. Many groups are formed by natal philopatry with the environment constraining levels of sociality. For example, diurnal rodents living in harsh environments can be social to avoid the costs of predation. I used the invasive population of the Barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus) on the arid island of Fuerteventura, Spain, as my study system to explore this idea. Two Barbary ground squirrels were introduced to Fuerteventura in 1965. As they are invasive, I first questioned whether life history traits influenced their invasion success. Then, I used observational, experimental and genetic data to investigate whether they are social and whether predator avoidance is a selective pressure influencing their social patterns by studying their vigilance and alarm vocalisations. Barbary ground squirrels have large and frequent litters, and thus show potential for rapid population growth with a generation time of approximately one year, which may have contributed to their invasion success. They are social, as both males and females interact throughout the day, but they show sexual segregation of sleeping burrows. As group size increased, individual vigilance did not decrease, but collective vigilance did increase and they use alarm calls to warn group members of danger. Hence, they show partial collective detection of predators. The absence of a group-size effect can be explained since the squirrels synchronise their vigilance bouts. Thus, the constraints of living as a diurnal species in an arid environment and predation pressure are possible selective pressures explaining sociality in the invasive Barbary ground squirrel. This thesis advances our understanding of sociality in African ground squirrels, but also provides valuable insight into population growth and corresponding invasion success of an introduced species, as invasive species provide a unique framework to study evolution of sociality and population biology over a relatively short timeframe.
Author: John Paul Scott
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 9782881243172
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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First published in 1989. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author: Kimberly Anne Pollard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Author: Jane Margaret Waterman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animal societies
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Author: John Gurnell
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780816016945
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 201
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Book Description
Discusses the characteristics and behavior of various species of tree squirrels, provides information on their food, activity, social organization, and population, and describes their interactions with people
Author: Dr. Jens Krause
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199679045
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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The scientific study of networks - computer, social, and biological - has received an enormous amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the field of animal behaviour relatively late compared to many other biological disciplines. Understanding social network structure is of great importance for biologists since the structural characteristics of any network will affect its constituent members and influence a range of diverse behaviours. These include finding and choosing a sexual partner, developing and maintaining cooperative relationships, and engaging in foraging and anti-predator behavior. This novel text provides an overview of the insights that network analysis has provided into major biological processes, and how it has enhanced our understanding of the social organisation of several important taxonomic groups. It brings together researchers from a wide range of disciplines with the aim of providing both an overview of the power of the network approach for understanding patterns and process in animal populations, as well as outlining how current methodological constraints and challenges can be overcome. Animal Social Networks is principally aimed at graduate level students and researchers in the fields of ecology, zoology, animal behaviour, and evolutionary biology but will also be of interest to social scientists.
Author: Richard W. Thorington
Publisher: JHU Press
ISBN: 0801884020
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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