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Author: Werner Creutzfeldt
Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland)
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Author: Werner Creutzfeldt
Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland)
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Author: Catherine Barbara Chan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Obesity
Languages : en
Pages : 702
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Book Description
Author: M. Wabitsch
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3318059749
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
The gut not only represents the largest endocrine organ of the human body but is also profoundly involved in the control of metabolism through peptide hormones. Therefore, gastrointestinal hormones are acting via autocrine, paracrine, and classical endocrine pathways and regulate e.g. digestion, hunger, and satiety. Furthermore, they are important regulators of body weight, growth, and glucose metabolism, as well as of mood and behavior. Physicians and scientists in the field of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes, as well as in pediatric gastroenterology, require an extensive understanding of the origin of enteroendocrine cells, factors controlling their differentiation, hormone gene expression, secretion, function and, finally, the complex interaction with other organs, especially the central nervous system. In order to meet these needs, experts in the field have written up-to-date, comprehensive, and illustrated reviews presenting the current knowledge in the field of gastrointestinal endocrinology with a pediatric view. Those reviews comprise this latest volume of Endocrine Development.
Author: Ruan Michael Elliott
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Yngve Östberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Lindsey Margaret Rings
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Foals
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The enteroinsular axis (EIA) comprises intestinal factors (incretins) that stimulate insulin release after ingestion of nutrients. Energy dysregulation is frequent in sick foals. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the main incretins. For Study #1, we hypothesized that secretion of incretins in healthy foals secondary to orally administered carbohydrates would be increased compared to an equivalent dose of glucose administered intravenously or during a period of fasting. We also hypothesized that this incretin response would be linked proportionately to insulin responses. Thirty-six healthy, Standardbred foals ≤ 4 days of age were included. After a 60-minute fast, blood was collected immediately prior to the administration of carbohydrate either orally or intravenously. Blood was collected frequently over a 180-minute period. Foals were not allowed to nurse during the study period. Some foals were sampled following access to free choice nursing. A fasting group of foals experienced this same protocol, but no carbohydrate was administered. Glucose was measured using a portable glucometer and plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Enteral glucose did not induce a significant increase in glucose or insulin. GIP and GLP-1 concentrations decreased, regardless of study group, throughout the testing period until foals were allowed to nurse. We documented that healthy equine neonates have a functional enteroinsular axis (EIA) as evidenced by the rapid and significant increases in insulin, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations compared to 180 minutes when allowed to nurse. We also demonstrated that the response of the EIA in equine neonates, in the immediate postpartum period, is highly variable. For Study #2, we hypothesized that blood concentrations of insulin and incretins would be decreased in septic foals compared with healthy controls. We also expected an association between magnitude of these differences in these hormones and survival status. One hundred five healthy and hospitalized foals ≤ 7 days of age were included. Blood was collected on admission and then every 24 hours from septic (sepsis score ≥ 12 or positive blood culture), sick non-septic (SNS), and healthy foals. Blood glucose was measured using a portable glucometer while plasma insulin, plasma GIP, and plasma GLP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Septic foals had significantly lower insulin and GIP concentrations, but higher GLP-1 concentrations at time 0 compared to healthy foals. Hospitalized foals had significantly lower insulin area under the curve and GIP area under the curve than healthy foals. In healthy foals, a positive correlation existed between insulin and GIP and insulin and GLP-1 at all time points (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours). A positive correlation was also found between GIP and GLP-1 in healthy foals at time 0, 24, and 72 hours. Among septic foals, higher insulin concentrations at admission were noted in survivors versus non-survivors. There was no difference between survivors and non-survivors with respect to incretin concentrations at time 0. Our data suggests the EIA may play a role in the disease pathology of equine neonates and that further study of this topic is warranted.
Author: Omorogieva Ojo
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039217046
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
The prevalence of diabetes is on the increase in the UK and worldwide, partly due to changes in lifestyle which predispose individuals to overweight and obesity. It is estimated that about 90% of the currently diagnosed adults have type 2 diabetes, and based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) report, about 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 compared with 108 million in 1980; this condition caused about 1.5 million deaths in 2012. In the United States of America, it is estimated that about 30.3 million adults are living with diabetes, with a further 1.5 million new diabetes cases diagnosed every year, representing an increasing prevalence of this condition. Diabetes represents a major public health challenge, despite advances in technology and the pharmaceutical industry. These problems may be in the form of acute or long-term complications. Therefore, in order to attenuate the problems of diabetes, management strategies usually include lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and dietary interventions. Studies which evaluate the role of nutrition in the management of type 2 diabetes often involve human and animal models as these approaches enable us to have a broader and more in-depth understanding of the condition. In some cases, diabetes may co-exist with other conditions, such as stroke, and these may present unique challenges with regard to nutritional interventions. This Special Issue aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and the role of the diet in the management of people with this condition. This evidence is drawn from both human and animal studies.
Author: Yngve Östberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agnatha
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
Author: R.A. Clemens
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3805595875
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 233
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Book Description
Milk, the first and for a time only source of nutrition for mammals, influences early growth and development and may provide a foundation for health throughout the entire lifespan. It is therefore mandatory that milk substitutes have a composition which fulfills the same goals and confers as close as possible the overall health benefits of human milk. Moreover, in many populations, milk continues to play a major role in a healthy and balanced diet throughout life: During childhood, pregnancy and adulthood, intake of cow’s milk has important beneficial effects on linear growth, bone development and the risk of developing caries, and it is important in the prevention and treatment of undernutrition in low-income countries.This publication contains the presentations and discussions of the Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop held in Marrakech in March 2010. It focuses on three main topics: milk during pregnancy and infancy, milk during childhood in low- and high-income countries, and general aspects of milk in adult nutrition. Together, these contributions cover most aspects of milk during the life cycle in a global perspective, making the publication a comprehensive textbook.
