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Author: A. Inness
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : El Niño Current
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Author: A. Inness
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : El Niño Current
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Author: Michael J. McPhaden
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119548128
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 528
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Book Description
Comprehensive and up-to-date information on Earth’s most dominant year-to-year climate variation The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO's dynamics and impacts. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate presents the latest theories, models, and observations, and explores the challenges of forecasting ENSO as the climate continues to change. Volume highlights include: Historical background on ENSO and its societal consequences Review of key El Niño (ENSO warm phase) and La Niña (ENSO cold phase) characteristics Mathematical description of the underlying physical processes that generate ENSO variations Conceptual framework for understanding ENSO changes on decadal and longer time scales, including the response to greenhouse gas forcing ENSO impacts on extreme ocean, weather, and climate events, including tropical cyclones, and how ENSO affects fisheries and the global carbon cycle Advances in modeling, paleo-reconstructions, and operational climate forecasting Future projections of ENSO and its impacts Factors influencing ENSO events, such as inter-basin climate interactions and volcanic eruptions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors.
Author: Antonio Navarra
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642583695
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Book Description
The interest and level of research into climate variability has risen dramatically in recent years, and major breakthroughs have been achieved in the understanding and modelling of seasonal to interannual climate variability and prediction. At the same time, the documentation of longer term variability and its underlying mecha nisms have progressed considerably. Within the European Commission's Environment and Climate research programs several important projects have been supported in these areas - including the "Dec adal and Interdecadal Climate variability Experiment" (DICE) which forms the basis of this book. Within the EC supported climate research, we see an increasing importance of research into climate variability, as is evidenced in the upcoming Fifth Framework Programme's Key Action on Global Change, Climate and Biodi versity. This is because of the obvious potential socio-economic benefits from sea sonal to decadal scale climate prediction and equally important for the fundamental understanding of the climate system to help improve the quality and reliability of future climate change and mankind's current interference with it. The DICE group has performed important and pioneering work, and we hope this book will receive the wide distribution and recognition it deserves. We wel come the contributions from distinguished researchers from US, Japan and Canada to the EC's DICE group towards completing the scope of the book and as an exam ple of international cooperation which is essential in such a high-level scientific endeavor.
Author: L. M. Polvani
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118671597
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 514
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Book Description
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 190. The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry is the first volume in 20 years that offers a comprehensive review of the Earth's stratosphere, increasingly recognized as an important component of the climate system. The volume addresses key advances in our understanding of the stratospheric circulation and transport and summarizes the last two decades of research to provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of the state of the field. This monograph reviews many important aspects of the dynamics, transport, and chemistry of the stratosphere by some of the world's leading experts, including up-to-date discussions of Dynamics of stratospheric polar vortices Chemistry and dynamics of the ozone hole Role of solar variability in the stratosphere Effect of gravity waves in the stratosphere Importance of atmospheric annular modes This volume will be of interest to graduate students and scientists who wish to learn more about the stratosphere. It will also be useful to atmospheric science departments as a textbook for classes on the stratosphere.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309161347
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 193
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Book Description
More accurate forecasts of climate conditions over time periods of weeks to a few years could help people plan agricultural activities, mitigate drought, and manage energy resources, amongst other activities; however, current forecast systems have limited ability on these time- scales. Models for such climate forecasts must take into account complex interactions among the ocean, atmosphere, and land surface. Such processes can be difficult to represent realistically. To improve the quality of forecasts, this book makes recommendations about the development of the tools used in forecasting and about specific research goals for improving understanding of sources of predictability. To improve the accessibility of these forecasts to decision-makers and researchers, this book also suggests best practices to improve how forecasts are made and disseminated.
Author: Carlos R. Mechoso
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108492703
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 359
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Book Description
A comprehensive review of interactions between the climates of different ocean basins and their key contributions to global climate variability and change. Providing essential theory and discussing outstanding examples as well as impacts on monsoons, it a useful resource for graduate students and researchers in the atmospheric and ocean sciences.
Author: Kristin Marie Raisanen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781124908113
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a well known coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon which occurs on a cyclical basis in the Pacific Ocean. In order to further understand the extent of the ENSO signal propagation into the upper troposphere and stratosphere, the anomalies from the monthly mean caused by El Niño and La Niña were determined and examined. Four El Niño and three La Niña events were chosen using the Niño 3.4 index. Data from the seven events were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Both zonal means (Latitude vs. Pressure) and meridional cross sections (Longitude vs. Pressure) of the temperature, ozone and wind components were analyzed. The anomalies were analyzed for the event maximum, which was used as the base month (lag month 0), and several months following the event maximum at one month intervals. To determine the anomaly from the monthly mean for the variables, the long-term monthly average was removed from the event month or lagging month, leaving only the signal of the anomaly related to ENSO. The El Niño and La Niña anomalies were then averaged and the averaged La Niña anomalies were subtracted from the averaged El Niño anomalies, leaving the ENSO related anomalies. A t-test was used to determine statistical significance to the 90% and 95% confidence level. The results show that ENSO has a statistically significant impact on the wind, temperature and ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere during the maximum event month and for many months following the ENSO event maximum. The zonal mean temperature and the zonal mean zonal winds show some similarities around 30° in both hemispheres during months 3 and 4. Both the zonal mean temperature and the zonal mean zonal wind are positive, and are both significant at the 90% level though the zonal mean temperature anomalies increase in strength through the months while the zonal mean zonal wind anomalies weaken. These differences suggest a dependence of the zonal mean zonal wind anomalies to changes in the zonal mean temperature anomalies, though there is a possible delay between the two signals. The zonal mean omega anomalies show consistent areas of upward anomalies at the equator and downward anomalies just outside of the equatorial region, showing a possible northward shift of the Hadley cell. The zonal mean meridional wind and omega anomalies suggest some weak strengthening of the northern branch of the Hadley cell in the upper troposphere though any strengthening would be weak. Though the anomalies are not statistically significant, this conclusion is in agreement with several past studies. Anomalies in the zonal mean omega field and the zonal mean meridional winds also suggest that ENSO may initially strengthen the Polar cell during months 0 and 1 and then weaken it during month 2. Negative zonal mean omega anomalies and southward zonal mean meridional anomalies are seen north of 60°N in the upper troposphere during months 0 and 1 suggesting a weakened polar cell. These anomalies reverse during month 2 suggesting a strengthened polar cell, though none of these anomalies are statistically significant. Many hypotheses for the consistencies between the temperature and ozone anomalies are discussed, including ozone layer compression and decompression, radiative reactions and vertical and horizontal advection. It was found that these hypotheses are all weak and are not consistent throughout the analysis.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309053420
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
The TOGA (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere) Program was designed to study short-term climate variations. A 10-year international program, TOGA made El Nino a household word. This book chronicles the cooperative efforts of oceanographers and meteorologists, several U.S. government agencies, many other nations, and international scientific organizations to study El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It describes the progression from being unable to detect the development of large climate variations to being able to make and use rudimentary climate predictions, especially for some tropical countries. It examines the development of the TOGA Program, evaluates its accomplishments, describes U.S. participation in the program, and makes general recommendations for developing better understanding and predictions of climate variations on seasonal to interannual time scales.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309060982
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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Book Description
Society today may be more vulnerable to global-scale, long-term, climate change than ever before. Even without any human influence, past records show that climate can be expected to continue to undergo considerable change over decades to centuries. Measures for adaption and mitigation will call for policy decisions based on a sound scientific foundation. Better understanding and prediction of climate variations can be achieved most efficiently through a nationally recognized "dec-cen" science plan. This book articulates the scientific issues that must be addressed to advance us efficiently toward that understanding and outlines the data collection and modeling needed.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309054494
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 645
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Book Description
This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.
