The Effect of 7 Days of Aerobic Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity, Plasma Insulin, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African-American Hypertensives PDF Download
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Author: Michael David Brown
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Author: Michael David Brown
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Author: Trudy Gaillard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages :
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Abstract: Background: Chronic physical activity has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity (IS) and lower rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There have been no studies that examined the effects of aerobic (AT) and resistive (RT) training in obese, sedentary African Americans (AA) females, who are genetically predisposed to develop T2DM. Thus, the objectives of the present study were; 1) determine the effects of AT vs. RT on glucose transporter proteins (GLUT4) and insulin sensitivity; and 2) examine the impact of genetic inheritance (family history (FH)) on these indices. Methodology: Twenty (20) AA with FH were randomly assigned to 12weeks (12wks) of AT[(70% of VO2max) (n=10)] or RT[(70% of 1 (RM) (n=10)]. Ten(10) AA females without FH served as reference controls [(CN) (n=10)]. OGTT (glucose, insulin, c-peptide), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were obtained in each subject. IS was measured by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR). Body composition was assessed via BOD POD. Each subject completed a V02max test and 1 repetition maximal (1RM) for chest press(CP) and leg press(LP). Skeletal muscle biopsy for GLUT4 was randomly obtained in a sub-set of each group. Baseline measurements were repeated in subjects with FH after 12wks. Results: The fasting plasma glucose, insulin and c-peptide, HOMA-IR, SBP, DBP, %body fat, were statistically higher in subjects with FH vs. CN. The mean V02max and %lean body mass was statistically lower in our subjects with FH vs. CN. Twelve weeks of AT significantly reduced the SBP and DBP, whereas, RT significant increased body strength. HOMA-IR was not changed by AT or RT. The GLUT4 was not different among our groups. RT was associated with a 24.8% increase in GLUT4 whereas, AT decreased GLUT4 by 10.8% from baseline, but these values were not statistically significant. Summary: Obese AA females with FH of T2DM have greater %body fat, insulin resistance, significantly higher BP and lower V02max when compared to healthy aged-matched AA controls without FH. The two exercise modalities had significant but varying effects on hemodynamic parameters. AT vs. RT had no effects on metabolic or anthropometric parameters measured in our previously sedentary obese AA females.
Author: Amy J. Patrick-Melin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerobic exercises
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Aerobic exercise training (AEX) has been well documented to improve glucose tolerance and insulin action in patients who are obese (Goodpaster & Kelley, 2003), insulin resistant (Rodgers, M.A., 1988) and in patients with T2DM (Bruce, 2004; Kirwan et al., 1990; Kirwan, Solomon, Wojta, Staten, Holloszy, 2009; Kirwan, Kohrt et al., 2002; Kirwan, et al., 1990) in the absence of weight loss. Mononuclear cells (MNC) are immune mediators of inflammation that are known to be elevated in diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance. Toll like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4) are predominantly found on the plasma membrane of MNCs and play a key role in the innate immune response. However, it is not known whether improvements in glucose tolerance resulting from short term AEX is due to reductions in proinflammatory mediators. Thirteen sedentary obese (34.38 ± 1.13 kg/m2) adults, age 58.71 ± 3.21 yr, underwent Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT's), before and after 7 days of supervised AEX at 70% VO2 max. Insulin sensitivity was assessed via the OGTT, TLR2/TLR4 cell surface expression by flow cytometry, ROS production by chemiluminescense, and MNC derived cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-6) secretion by ELISA. Seven days of AEX resulted in improvements in Matsuda insulin sensitivity (p= 0.04) in the absence of weight loss and increased VO2max, (p = 0.004). Metabolic improvements were also noted in CHOOX and FatOX (p = 0.02, 0.03), Gluc120 and Ins120 responses (p = 0.002, 0.007) and tAUC for Gluc120 and Ins120 (p = 0.04, 0.01). ROS (p= 0.05) and IL-6 production at Gluc120 (p= 0.05) were also significantly reduced. No changes were observed in either CD14 or CD14 CD16 TLR2 or TLR4 response for any time points. Seven days of aerobic exercise training is sufficient to produce changes in insulin sensitivity in obese adults and these changes are associated with reductions in ROS and improvements in insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues. However, because there were no changes in innate response, it is likely that a longer training duration greater than seven days may be required to reduce chronic inflammation in obese sedentary humans.
Author: Linda S. Pescatello
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319170767
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 347
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As the first primer on the effects of exercise on human hypertension, Effects of Exercise on Hypertension: From Cells to Physiological Systems provides the state-of-the-art effects of exercise on the many possible mechanisms underlying essential hypertension in humans. The book contains chapters by distinguished experts on the effects of exercise on physiological systems known to be involved in hypertension development and maintenance as well as less well known aspects of hypertension such as 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile and oxidative stress. An emerging area, the effects of resistance exercise training on blood pressure is also covered. A unique aspect of the book is that it covers the effects of exercise mimetics on vascular cell adaptations in order to begin to elucidate some of the cellular mechanisms that may underlie blood pressure reductions with exercise training. Lastly, the book will end with a chapter on the interactive effects of genes and exercise on blood pressure. Chapters are grouped by physiological system or mechanism. The text begins with two overview chapters; one on the general effects of aerobic exercise training and the second on the general effects of resistance exercise training on blood pressure. Each chapter begins with a bulleted list of key points. Effects of Exercise on Hypertension: From Cells to Physiological Systems will be of great value to professional individuals in cardiovascular medicine, the cardiovascular sciences, allied health care professionals, and medical and graduate students in the cardiovascular sciences and medicine.
Author: Samy I. McFarlane
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1603273573
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 196
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Diabetes and hypertension have evolved as two of the modern day epidemics affecting millions of people around the world. These two common co-morbidities lead to substantial increase in cardiovascular disease, the major cause of morbidity and mortality of adults around the world. In Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management, a panel of renowned experts address a range of critical topics -- from basic concepts in evaluation and management of diabetes and hypertension, such as dietary interventions, to evaluation and management of secondary hypertension in clinical practice. Other chapters focus on high cardiovascular risk populations such as those with coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease and minority patients. In addition, evolving concepts and new developments in the field are presented in other chapters, such as prevention of type 2 diabetes and the epidemic of sleep apnea and its implication for diabetes and hypertension evaluation and management. An important title covering two of the most troubling disorders of our time, Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management will provide the busy practitioner with cutting edge knowledge in the field as well as practical information that can translate into better care provided to the high-risk population of diabetics and hypertensive patients.
Author: Polina Krassovskaia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ that releases myokines with contraction. These myokines have been defined as cytokines and peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers that can have either an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine action1. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as a prototypic exercise myokine and can be measured in plasma after a single, acute bout of exercise2. IL-6, however, has implications in both the development and prevention of metabolic disease. The effect of exercise duration on IL-6 has been outlined in the literature3-5, but the effect of exercise intensity has yet to receive the same attention. In addition, racial disparities in the development of metabolic disease have been shown with African Americans having a significantly greater prevalence of CVD and type 2 diabetes than Caucasians in the United States6. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise training on basal, plasma IL-6 in overweight and obese African American individuals. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was performed on overweight and obese (body mass index of 25-45 kg/m2), sedentary African American individuals (35-65 years) (n=24). Participants were randomly assigned to either a non-exercise control group or a moderate or high intensity aerobic exercise training group for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise was performed at a heart rate associated with 45-55% of VO2 max for the moderate intensity group or 70-80% of VO2 max for the high intensity group for a total exercise dose of 600 metabolic equivalents of task (MET-) minutes per week. Pre- and post-exercise intervention 12-hour fasted intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed. IVGTT samples were analyzed for insulin,glucose, lactate, and IL-6 using the Beckman Coulter clinical analyzer system. Bergman's Minimal Model7 was used to assess insulin and glucose kinetics of the IVGTT. Additional bloodsamples were also drawn and sent to a clinical laboratory (LabCorp Inc., Burlington,NC) to beanalyzed for a complete lipid and metabolic profile. RESULTS: In the control group, there were 11 participants, 6 participants in the moderate intensity exercise group, and 7 participants in the high intensity exercise group. Nosignificant differences were found between the randomization groups for age, gender, weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, and IL-6. Baseline BMI was significantly associated with baseline HOMA-IR (r=786, p[less-than]0.01) and baseline insulin (r=0.784, p[less-than]0.01). \ There was no significant change in IL-6 with the moderate or high intensity exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.8364). In addition, there was no significant change in SI (p=0.233), DI (p=0.422), or HOMA-IR (p=0.653). There was no significant correlation between relative fold change of IL-6 and SI (p=0.772), DI (p=0.545), or HOMA-IR (p=0.165). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find that moderate intensity aerobic exercise training nor high intensity aerobic exercise training decreased basal, plasma IL-6 in sedentary, obese and overweight African Americans. Insulin sensitivity was not improved in either exercise group when compared to the non-exercise control group. A broader scope on IL-6 is suggested for future studies and should include not only plasma but adipocyte IL-6 production as well as mRNA for IL-6. In addition, allowing enrollment of Caucasian individuals will allow for a direct comparison with African American individuals to further understand racial differences in the exercise response.
Author: Dianne Babbitt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 129
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African Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world which may emanate from their predisposition to heightened endothelial inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo influence of aerobic exercise training (AEXT) on the anti-inflammatory biomarker interleukin-10 (IL-10), the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), the endothelial activation marker CD62E+ endothelial microparticle (EMP), and the vasodilatory biomarker nitric oxide (NO) in an African American cohort. A secondary purpose was to conduct a complementary in vitro study on the influence of IL-10 and laminar shear stress (LSS) on African American endothelial cells. In Vivo Methods: The subjects were sedentary, putatively healthy, 45-71 y/o African American men and women. A pre-post study design was employed with baseline and post-intervention evaluations of office blood pressure, fasting blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Subjects engaged in AEXT three times per week for six months at an intensity equivalent to 65% of their VO2max. Plasma concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were determined using a modified Griess assay. Plasma samples for CRP were sent to Quest Diagnostics Inc. for analysis. Circulating CD62E+ EMPs were quantified using a flow cytometer. In Vitro Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from an African American donor were cultured and exposed to four experimental conditions: Static, Static with IL-10 Incubation, LSS at 20 dynes/cm2, and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation. Western blotting experiments were conducted to measure endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and its phosphorylated form (p-eNOS) at Serine 1177 in the cells in all four conditions. A modified Griess assay was used to measure NOx in the cell culture supernatant. In Vivo Results: There was a significant increase in NO (n=24; p=0.002), a significant decrease in IL-6 (n=32; p=0.04), a significant decrease in CRP (n=37; p=0.01), and a significant decrease in CD62E+ EMPs (n=28; pIn Vitro Results: Protein expression levels of both eNOS and p-eNOS were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. NO concentration levels were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. Conclusion: Based on these results, AEXT may be a viable, non-pharmacologic method to improve vascular inflammation status and vasodilation, and thereby contribute to reduced hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in African Americans.
Author: Jacqueline Williams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Abstract: Introduction: One out of four Americans has Hypertension (HTN). Furthermore, HTN is more prevalent in African American women than any segment of the population. Research has shown that blood pressure as low as 115/75 has a positive relationship with an increase risk of cardiovascular disease and doubles the risk with every rise of 20/10 mmHg. Thus, health associations have determined a new category of blood pressure called prehypertension. Aerobic exercise training decreases blood pressure significantly. There are few studies on African American women and how exercise affects blood pressure. The exercise related variables that are of interest include cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance (TPR), stroke volume (SV), peak volume of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and blood pressure. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if the changes of the cardiovascular variables that may occur during a ten-week exercise training program can predict a decrease of blood pressure in prehypertensive African American women. Methods: A total of 12 sedentary women that met the inclusionary criteria were taken through three pre-training visits. These visits include orientation, pre-VO2peak test, and pre-CO2 rebreathing test. Orientations consisted of paperwork explaining confidentiality through HIPPA regulation and inform consent. The VO2peak test was performed on a cycle ergometer using a 2 minute protocol while monitoring with a standard 12-lead ECG system. The third visit consisted of a standard procedure of indirect non-invasive CO2 rebreathing test to determine CO, SV, and TPR. The CO2 rebreathing test was performed on a cycle ergometer while monitoring with the ECG system. Following testing subjects (n=12) trained for ten weeks three times a week thirty minutes a session at 70% of their VO2peak with increases of intensity every 2 1/2 weeks. Once training was completed, the subjects repeated the VO2peak test and CO2 rebreathing test to obtain post values. Results: Using the SPSS statistical analysis software and a paired sample t-test, I observed that there were not any significant changes from pre-and post-training for HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP. However, there were significant changes (p
Author: Jennifer J. Johnson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Freedom of the press
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Author: Carolyn Albright
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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