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Author: Kevin Lano
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447114949
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
B is one of the few formal methods which has robust, commercially-available tool support for the entire development lifecycle from specification through to code generation. This volume provides a comprehensive introduction to the B Abstract Machine Notation, and to how it can be used to support formal specification and development of high integrity systems. A strong emphasis is placed on the use of B in the context of existing software development methods, including object-oriented analysis and design. The text includes a large number of worked examples, graduated exercises in B AMN specification and development (all of which have been class-tested), two extended case studies of the development process, and an appendix of proof techniques suitable for B. Based on material which has been used to teach B at postgraduate and undergraduate level, this volume will provide invaluable reading a wide range of people, including students, project technical managers and workers, and researchers with an interest in methods integration and B semantics.
Author: Kevin Lano
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447114949
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Get Book Here
Book Description
B is one of the few formal methods which has robust, commercially-available tool support for the entire development lifecycle from specification through to code generation. This volume provides a comprehensive introduction to the B Abstract Machine Notation, and to how it can be used to support formal specification and development of high integrity systems. A strong emphasis is placed on the use of B in the context of existing software development methods, including object-oriented analysis and design. The text includes a large number of worked examples, graduated exercises in B AMN specification and development (all of which have been class-tested), two extended case studies of the development process, and an appendix of proof techniques suitable for B. Based on material which has been used to teach B at postgraduate and undergraduate level, this volume will provide invaluable reading a wide range of people, including students, project technical managers and workers, and researchers with an interest in methods integration and B semantics.
Author: B. Kumaravadivelu
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135607613
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 285
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Book Description
This book traces the historical development of major language teaching methods in terms of theoretical principles and classroom procedures, and provides a critical evaluation of each. Drawing from seminal, foundational texts and from critical commentaries made by various scholars, Kumaravadivelu examines the profession's current transition from method to postmethod and, in the process, elucidates the relationship between theory, research, and practice. The chief objective is to help readers see the pattern that connects language, learning, teaching methods, and postmethod perspectives. In this book, Kumaravadivelu: *brings together a critical vision of L2 learning and teaching--a vision founded at once on historical development and contemporary thought; *connects findings of up-to-date research in L2 learning with issues in L2 teaching thus making the reader aware of the relationship between theory, research and practice; *presents language teaching methods within a coherent framework of language-, learner-, and learning-centered pedagogies, thus helping the reader to see how they are related to each other; *shows how the three categories of methods evolved historically leading ultimately (and inevitably) to the emergence of a postmethod condition; and *provides the reader with a solid background in several interconnected areas of L2 pedagogy, such as concepts of competence, input factors, intake processes, interactional modifications, and instructional design. Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod is intended for an international audience of teacher educators, practicing teachers and graduate students, researchers, curriculum planners, and materials designers in the field of second and foreign language teaching.
Author: Stephen B. Stryker
Publisher: Georgetown University Press
ISBN: 9781589018402
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
This book offers concrete and practical ideas for implementing content-based instruction—using subject matter rather than grammar—through eleven case studies of cutting-edge models in a broad variety of languages, academic settings, and levels of proficiency. The highly innovative models illustrate content-based instruction programs for both commonly and less-commonly taught languages—Arabic, Croatian, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Russian, Serbian, and Spanish—and for proficiency levels ranging from beginners to fluent speakers. They include single-teacher and multi-teacher contexts and such settings as typical language department classrooms, specialty schools, intensive language programs, and university programs in foreign languages across the curriculum. All of the contributors are pioneers and practitioners of content-based instruction, and the methods they present are based on actual classroom experiences. Each describes the rationale, curriculum design, materials, and evaluation procedures used in an actual curriculum and discusses the implications of the approach for adult language acquisition.
Author: Benjamin C. Pierce
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262303825
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 646
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Book Description
A comprehensive introduction to type systems and programming languages. A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute. The study of type systems—and of programming languages from a type-theoretic perspective—has important applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compilers, and security. This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. The approach is pragmatic and operational; each new concept is motivated by programming examples and the more theoretical sections are driven by the needs of implementations. Each chapter is accompanied by numerous exercises and solutions, as well as a running implementation, available via the Web. Dependencies between chapters are explicitly identified, allowing readers to choose a variety of paths through the material. The core topics include the untyped lambda-calculus, simple type systems, type reconstruction, universal and existential polymorphism, subtyping, bounded quantification, recursive types, kinds, and type operators. Extended case studies develop a variety of approaches to modeling the features of object-oriented languages.
Author: Steve Schneider
Publisher: Palgrave MacMillan
ISBN: 9780333792841
Category : B method
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Book Description
Introducing abstract machines - Review of set theory and logic - Weakest preconditions - Towards machine consistency - Parameters, sets, and constants - Relations - Functions and sequences - Arrays - Nondeterminism - Structuring with includes - Structuring with SEES and USES - Data refinement - Refinement of nondeterminism - Proof obligations for refinements - Loops - Implementation machines - Case study : heapsort - Library machines.
Author: B. Kumaravadivelu
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 0300128797
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 351
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Book Description
Publisher's description: In this original book, B. Kumaravadivelu presents a macrostrategic framework designed to help both beginning and experienced teachers develop a systematic, coherent, and personal theory of practice. His book provides the tools a teacher needs in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate his or her own teaching acts. The framework consists of ten macrostrategies based on current theoretical, empirical, and experiential knowledge of second language and foreign language teaching. These strategies enable teachers to evaluate classroom practices and to generate techniques and activities for realizing teaching goals. With checklists, surveys, projects, and reflective tasks to encourage critical thinking, the book is both practical and accessible. Teachers and future teachers, researchers, and teacher educators will find the volume indispensable.
Author: Morteza Dehghani
Publisher: Guilford Publications
ISBN: 1462548431
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 650
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Book Description
Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in the use of computerized text analysis methods to address basic psychological questions. This comprehensive handbook brings together leading language analysis scholars to present foundational concepts and methods for investigating human thought, feeling, and behavior using language. Contributors work toward integrating psychological science and theory with natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning. Ethical issues in working with natural language data sets are discussed in depth. The volume showcases NLP-driven techniques and applications in areas including interpersonal relationships, personality, morality, deception, social biases, political psychology, psychopathology, and public health.
Author: Zou Sheng-Rong, Geng Xue, Yao Ju-Yi, Liu Xiao-Ying, Zhi Yu-Hua
Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA
ISBN: 1649979134
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
Languages : en
Pages : 101
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Book Description
Since the emergence of software engineering in the late 1960s, require-ments analysis has always been an important theme of software development. In the process of software development, many people are needed to coop-erate to ensure the stability and reliability of the software. According to the degree of formalization in the software development process, software en-gineering methods can be divided into three types: non-formal, semi-formal and formal. In object- oriented software development, UML has become a de facto modeling standard. However, although UML is intuitive and easy to understand and apply, it has inaccurate semantics, and UML is a semi-formal modeling language that cannot be formally verified. Event-B is a formal method based on a large number of mathematical predicate logic, which is accurate but difficult to understand and apply. Therefore, how to combine the advantages of UML diagrams and Event- B methods is the focus of re-search.
Author: Richard L. Wexelblat
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 1483266168
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 784
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Book Description
History of Programming Languages presents information pertinent to the technical aspects of the language design and creation. This book provides an understanding of the processes of language design as related to the environment in which languages are developed and the knowledge base available to the originators. Organized into 14 sections encompassing 77 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the programming techniques to use to help the system produce efficient programs. This text then discusses how to use parentheses to help the system identify identical subexpressions within an expression and thereby eliminate their duplicate calculation. Other chapters consider FORTRAN programming techniques needed to produce optimum object programs. This book discusses as well the developments leading to ALGOL 60. The final chapter presents the biography of Adin D. Falkoff. This book is a valuable resource for graduate students, practitioners, historians, statisticians, mathematicians, programmers, as well as computer scientists and specialists.
Author: John C. Butcher
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030709566
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
B-series, also known as Butcher series, are an algebraic tool for analysing solutions to ordinary differential equations, including approximate solutions. Through the formulation and manipulation of these series, properties of numerical methods can be assessed. Runge–Kutta methods, in particular, depend on B-series for a clean and elegant approach to the derivation of high order and efficient methods. However, the utility of B-series goes much further and opens a path to the design and construction of highly accurate and efficient multivalue methods. This book offers a self-contained introduction to B-series by a pioneer of the subject. After a preliminary chapter providing background on differential equations and numerical methods, a broad exposition of graphs and trees is presented. This is essential preparation for the third chapter, in which the main ideas of B-series are introduced and developed. In chapter four, algebraic aspects are further analysed in the context of integration methods, a generalization of Runge–Kutta methods to infinite index sets. Chapter five, on explicit and implicit Runge–Kutta methods, contrasts the B-series and classical approaches. Chapter six, on multivalue methods, gives a traditional review of linear multistep methods and expands this to general linear methods, for which the B-series approach is both natural and essential. The final chapter introduces some aspects of geometric integration, from a B-series point of view. Placing B-series at the centre of its most important applications makes this book an invaluable resource for scientists, engineers and mathematicians who depend on computational modelling, not to mention computational scientists who carry out research on numerical methods in differential equations. In addition to exercises with solutions and study notes, a number of open-ended projects are suggested. This combination makes the book ideal as a textbook for specialised courses on numerical methods for differential equations, as well as suitable for self-study.
