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Author: Stephan Borrmann
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Stephan Borrmann
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Marilee May Roell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages :
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This study examines the long-term record of lower stratospheric water vapor focusing on the 20-year data record from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II). The SAGE II zonal monthly mean water vapor data was enhanced to include the aerosol heavy late 1980s through the use of aerosol extinction filtering of the data. Comparisons between the SAGE II lower stratospheric water vapor and the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS), the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) are performed. This study further focuses on the minimum lower stratospheric water vapor (i.e., hygropause) and on the dehydration seen in the hygropause with examination of the transport barrier at both the tropical tropopause and the tropopause folding region between the tropics and extra-tropics that would account for this decadal variation.\r : The effects of aerosol contamination on the SAGE II water vapor retrievals from four volcanic eruptions from 1984 to 1992 were examined, leading to a four level filtering of the SAGE II water vapor data to allow retention of good data from early in the data record. With the improved filtered water vapor data, monthly and seasonal time series analyses show a significant decadal variation in the lower stratosphere for all months where the satellite coverage provided data from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. This decadal variation documents a decrease in the water vapor from below approximately 25 km to below the tropopause with this decrease seen in the hygropause from the tropics to the poles. \r : Analysis of the hygropause for all months provided a statistically significant consistent neutral or decreasing value in the long-term water vapor minimum. March was shown to be the seasonal minimum in the hygropause over this 20-year low aerosol record, followed by a discontinuity in the minimum abundance after 2000. Three transport pathways for transport of water vapor from the moist troposphere to the lower stratosphere include the tropical tropopause, isentropic transport at the sub-tropical jet locations, and meridional transport from the tropics to the midlatitudes above the hygropause.\r : The tropical tropopause temperatures were examined using the new Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data set. Analysis showed a significant decrease in the tropical and sub-tropical tropopause temperatures over the 20-year timeframe for the DJF season preceding the March minimum. The lower temperatures would provide a colder "cold trap" at the tropopause, further "freeze drying" the air seasonally transported from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere, providing the long-term dehydration in the hygropause and lower stratosphere. \r :The Ertel's Potential Vorticity (EPV or PV) was examined as a proxy for the sub-tropical jet movement towards the poles over this long-term record. Changes in this pathway location may affect the efficiency of isentropic transport of moist tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere at these higher latitudes. Analysis using the MERRA zonal EPV and maximum zonal Uwind data showed a statistically significant shift in the locations of the contours towards the SH poles over this 20-year timeframe for the DJF, DJFM seasons and the month of December. The meridional winds above the tropopause show an increase over the 20-year record covered by SAGE II water vapor data. These increasing winds are consistent with the increase in the Brewer-Dobson circulation shown in other studies. The colder tropopause temperatures along with the increasing Brewer-Dobson circulation just above the tropopause, are the likely cause for the decreasing water vapor trend as seen in the SAGE II March hygropause over the 20-years from 1986-2005.
Author: Marian de Reus
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789039323960
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 117
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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309133505
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Author: Daniel J. Jacob
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691001855
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Atmospheric chemistry is one of the fastest growing fields in the earth sciences. Until now, however, there has been no book designed to help students capture the essence of the subject in a brief course of study. Daniel Jacob, a leading researcher and teacher in the field, addresses that problem by presenting the first textbook on atmospheric chemistry for a one-semester course. Based on the approach he developed in his class at Harvard, Jacob introduces students in clear and concise chapters to the fundamentals as well as the latest ideas and findings in the field. Jacob's aim is to show students how to use basic principles of physics and chemistry to describe a complex system such as the atmosphere. He also seeks to give students an overview of the current state of research and the work that led to this point. Jacob begins with atmospheric structure, design of simple models, atmospheric transport, and the continuity equation, and continues with geochemical cycles, the greenhouse effect, aerosols, stratospheric ozone, the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, smog, and acid rain. Each chapter concludes with a problem set based on recent scientific literature. This is a novel approach to problem-set writing, and one that successfully introduces students to the prevailing issues. This is a major contribution to a growing area of study and will be welcomed enthusiastically by students and teachers alike.
Author: Porter J. Perkins
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Stratosphere
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Author: K. Mohanakumar
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402082177
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 424
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Stratospheric processes play a signi?cant role in regulating the weather and c- mate of the Earth system. Solar radiation, which is the primary source of energy for the tropospheric weather systems, is absorbed by ozone when it passes through the stratosphere, thereby modulating the solar-forcing energy reaching into the t- posphere. The concentrations of the radiatively sensitive greenhouse gases present in the lower atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, control the radiation balance of the atmosphere by the two-way interaction between the stratosphere and troposphere. The stratosphere is the transition region which interacts with the weather s- tems in the lower atmosphere and the richly ionized upper atmosphere. Therefore, this part of the atmosphere provides a long list of challenging scienti?c problems of basic nature involving its thermal structure, energetics, composition, dynamics, chemistry, and modeling. The lower stratosphere is very much linked dynamically, radiatively,and chemically with the upper troposphere,even though the temperature characteristics of these regions are different. The stratosphere is a region of high stability, rich in ozone and poor in water - por and temperature increases with altitude. The lower stratospheric ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and protects life on the Earth. On the other hand, the troposphere has high concentrations of water vapor, is low in ozone, and temperature decreases with altitude. The convective activity is more in the troposphere than in the stratosphere.
Author: Dale Wilford Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Author: Anthony J. Prenni
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric ozone
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Author: Stanley Q. Kidder
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080572006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 481
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At last, a book that has what every atmospheric science and meteorology student should know about satellite meteorology: the orbits of satellites, the instruments they carry, the radiation they detect, and, most importantly, the fundamental atmospheric data that can be retrieved from their observations.Key Features* Of special interest are sections on:* Remote sensing of atmospheric temperature, trace gases, winds, cloud and aerosol data, precipitation, and radiation budget* Satellite image interpretation* Satellite orbits and navigation* Radiative transfer fundamentals
