Author: Knehr, Emanuel Marius
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731512564
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
This work presents three advances to scale SNSPDs from few-pixel devices to large detector arrays: atomic layer deposition for the fabrication of uniform superconducting niobium nitride films of few-nanometer thickness, a frequency-multiplexing scheme to operate multiple detectors with a reduced number of lines, and the integration of SNSPDs with free-form polymer structures to achieve efficient optical coupling onto the active area of the detectors.
Author: Hofherr, Matthias
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731502291
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
Superconducting nanowire singe-photon detectors (SNSPD) are promising detectors in the field of applications, where single-photon resolution is required like in quantum optics, spectroscopy or astronomy. These cryogenic detectors gain from a broad spectrum in the optical and infrared range and deliver low dark count rates and low jitter times. This thesis improves the understanding of the detection mechanism of SNSPDs and intodruces new and promising multi-pixel readout concepts.
Author: Xu, Yilin
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731512734
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
Author: Edward Benjamine Ramirez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
In recent years, space missions such as, the Cassini spacecraft, the Juno spacecraft, and the Curiosity rover mission have helped form a better understanding of our solar system. Often times, space missions try to tackle big questions, for example, "Is there life on Mars?". Thus, space exploration is at the forefront in helping humanity understand the origins of human life. Recently, water was found on Mars, which hadn't been known before. Commonly, communication from space missions have been facilitated by radio frequency (RF) technologies, which impact the design of the spacecraft. Engineers and scientists have to cleverly design a spacecraft with an antenna, which can be heavy and may require a lot power to operate. Thus, the quest to facilitate a new means of communication between a spacecraft and ground terminals is something of ongoing interest. Recently, advancements in laser communication technologies has paved the way to help facilitate a new means of communication. Free space optical communications is a technology with relies on photons, the quantum of light, to both send and receive data via lasers. The recent NASA Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) mission showcased that laser communications has the potential to outperform state of the art RF communication technologies, by providing higher data rates, lower weight requirements and lower power requirements. Unlike the highest fidelity RF technologies, free space optical communications doesn't negatively affect the design of a spacecraft and uses a different portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the near-infrared. The backbone to the LLCD technology is governed by superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) at the ground receiver. First introduced in 2001, SNSPDs are single photon detectors which operate in the near-infrared electromagnetic spectrum and are amongst the highest fidelity single photon detectors. SNSPDs exhibit attractive performance metrics such as, high count rates, low dark counts, high efficiency and low jitter, which have outperformed other single photon detectors. However, the readout electronics play a huge role in contributing to electrical jitter, which has a negative effect on the detector performance. Electrical jitter is noise which arises due to electronic parts. Various detectors have been engineered, from increasing the width of detectors and increasing the kinetic inductance of the detectors. Thus, the aim is to find a correlation between the latching current and kinetic inductance, as these parameters effect the performance of Molybedum Silicide (MoSi) single photon detectors. Once this correlation is understood, the next goal would be to optimize the readout electronics to eliminate the latching effect, where we hope is to study new physics.
Author: Charles Henry Herder (III.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Book Description
Introduction: Photon detection is an integral part of experimental physics, high-speed communication, as well as many other high-tech disciplines. In the realm of communication, unmanned spacecraft are travelling extreme distances, and ground stations need more and more sensitive and selective detectors to maintain a reasonable data rate.[10] In the realm of computing, some of the most promising new forms of quantum computing require consistent and efficient optical detection of single entangled photons.[27] Due to projects like these, demands are increasing for ever more efficient detectors with higher count rates. The Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD) is one of the most promising new technologies in this field, being capable of counting photons as faster than 100MHz and with efficiencies around 50%. Currently, the leading competition is from the geiger-mode avalanche photodiode, which is capable of ~20- 70% efficiency at a ~5MHz count rate depending on photon energy. In spite of these advantages, the SNSPD is still a brand-new technology and as a result they do not have the same support hardware support as other detectors. As such, SNSPD's are much more difficult to integrate into an existing an experiment. Because of this difficulty, SNSPD's have not been deployed extensively for research or industrial applications. The signal analysis chain that is connected to this detector is one of the key choke points. Each detector count produces a 0.1 mV, 10 nS wide pulse with a maximum count frequency on the order of 100MHz. Currently, this signal is processed outside of the cryostat with a series of RF amplifiers and a high-speed counter. This design works for detector prototyping, but poses a series of problems with actual design implementation. Most importantly, it prevents our design from being scalable. Even though we can fabricate thousands of detectors on a single wafer, it would be extremely difficult to place that many RF lines without crosstalk or other interference. The purpose of this thesis is to build a more robust and scalable readout technology for SNSPDs. First, we will develop intermediate technologies that improve upon current readout technology and will be necessary to develop the final goal. Ultimately, we plan to build circuitry on-chip that will first convert each detector's analog signal to a digital signal and then condense the data from each detector into an externally clocked, single-bit output indicating the presence or absence of a photon at any detector. This will allow simultaneous readout of a large number of detectors on a single wafer. Additionally, our cryogenic will decrease the noise observed by the detector, as the amplifier is no longer operating at room temperature. Finally, our readout will provide a simple hardware API to be interfaced to a computer or embedded processing unit. The catch to this development process is that the entire system must operate at 4.2K or below. As such, one must either use HEMT CMOS or Rapid Single-Flux- Quantum (RSFQ) logic. HEMT CMOS is better suited to analog amplification of the output signal, while RSFQ circuitry is better suited to the construction of the SNSPD interface and digital logic. RSFQ circuitry is better suited as an input stage because input amplification with CMOS is difficult, as one must operate in the linear regime of a HEMT. This requires on the order of 1 mA at 1.8 V minimum, which results in approximately 2 mW per stage. This is to be compared against RSFQ comparators which utilize approximately 0.5 mA at almost no voltage, resulting in muW of dissipation per stage. Given that we are hoping to produce a large number of SNSPD input stages, RSFQ is clearly a better choice. However, we only have a small number of output signals from the cryostat, so it is much more reasonable to use CMOS, as we can attain larger signal amplitudes.
Author: Matthias Hofherr
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781013279607
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
Superconducting nanowire singe-photon detectors (SNSPD) are promising detectors in the field of applications, where single-photon resolution is required like in quantum optics, spectroscopy or astronomy. These cryogenic detectors gain from a broad spectrum in the optical and infrared range and deliver low dark count rates and low jitter times. This thesis improves the understanding of the detection mechanism of SNSPDs and intodruces new and promising multi-pixel readout concepts. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Author: Marco Colangelo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Quantum computing and quantum communication are innovative technologies promising to revolutionize several aspects of our societal landscape. However, early cutting-edge experiments are rapidly approaching significant scalability roadblocks. As the qubit count increases, superconducting quantum processors require an increasing number of control and readout electronic devices, which are incompatible at scale with the performance of dilution refrigerators. Photonic-based platforms struggle with integration issues due to operational, design, and heterogeneous material compatibility. In this thesis, we demonstrate that superconducting nanowires have the potential to drive a major leap in the scalability of these and other architectures. We show that the exotic microwave properties of superconducting nanowires enable cryogenic devices at microwave frequencies with an ultra-compact footprint. We introduce microwave directional couplers and resonators featuring a footprint reduction of up to 200 times, making them suitable for on-chip integration with superconducting quantum processors and in any application needing cryogenic microwave signal processing. Furthermore, we engineer the nanowire properties to overcome the metrics trade-offs of single-photon detectors. We demonstrate an all-in-one nanowire detector with record performances, imaging capabilities, and photon-number resolution capabilities, all in the same design. Our device can be used to scale experiments needing many high-performance detectors. Finally, we demonstrate single-photon detectors integrated on lithium-niobate-on-insulator with state-of-the-art performance. We also introduce integrated array technology on silicon-on- insulator. Our nanowire technology can be on-chip heterogeneously integrated with current quantum photonic platforms, removing the need for out-coupling to fiber-coupled detectors. In conclusion, superconducting nanowires have the potential to become a comprehensive solution for scaling classical and quantum architectures.
Author: Charaev, Ilya
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731507455
Category : Nanowires
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the influence of geometry-dependent factors on performance metrics of superconducting single-photon detectors. With fundamental knowledge, main investigations are focused to extend the spectral bandwidth and to enhance the detection efficiency, especially in infrared range. The developed technology of single-spiral detectors and unconventional electron-beam lithography allows to improve the performance of superconducting detectors.
Author: Schmidt, Wolfgang-Gustav Ekkehart
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731509806
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
Author: Holger Bartolf
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3658122463
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
Holger Bartolf discusses state-of-the-art detection concepts based on superconducting nanotechnology as well as sophisticated analytical formulæ that model dissipative fluctuation-phenomena in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Such knowledge is desirable for the development of advanced devices which are designed to possess an intrinsic robustness against vortex-fluctuations and it provides the perspective for honorable fundamental science in condensed matter physics. Especially the nanowire detector allows for ultra-low noise detection of signals with single-photon sensitivity and GHz repetition rates. Such devices have a huge potential for future technological impact and might enable unique applications (e.g. high rate interplanetary deep-space data links from Mars to Earth).
