Author: Ingo Eilks
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9462091404
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 346
Book Description
This book focuses on developing and updating prospective and practicing chemistry teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge. The 11 chapters of the book discuss the most essential theories from general and science education, and in the second part of each of the chapters apply the theory to examples from the chemistry classroom. Key sentences, tasks for self-assessment, and suggestions for further reading are also included. The book is focused on many different issues a teacher of chemistry is concerned with. The chapters provide contemporary discussions of the chemistry curriculum, objectives and assessment, motivation, learning difficulties, linguistic issues, practical work, student active pedagogies, ICT, informal learning, continuous professional development, and teaching chemistry in developing environments. This book, with contributions from many of the world’s top experts in chemistry education, is a major publication offering something that has not previously been available. Within this single volume, chemistry teachers, teacher educators, and prospective teachers will find information and advice relating to key issues in teaching (such as the curriculum, assessment and so forth), but contextualised in terms of the specifics of teaching and learning of chemistry, and drawing upon the extensive research in the field. Moreover, the book is written in a scholarly style with extensive citations to the literature, thus providing an excellent starting point for teachers and research students undertaking scholarly studies in chemistry education; whilst, at the same time, offering insight and practical advice to support the planning of effective chemistry teaching. This book should be considered essential reading for those preparing for chemistry teaching, and will be an important addition to the libraries of all concerned with chemical education. Dr Keith S. Taber (University of Cambridge; Editor: Chemistry Education Research and Practice) The highly regarded collection of authors in this book fills a critical void by providing an essential resource for teachers of chemistry to enhance pedagogical content knowledge for teaching modern chemistry. Through clever orchestration of examples and theory, and with carefully framed guiding questions, the book equips teachers to act on the relevance of essential chemistry knowledge to navigate such challenges as context, motivation to learn, thinking, activity, language, assessment, and maintaining professional expertise. If you are a secondary or post-secondary teacher of chemistry, this book will quickly become a favorite well-thumbed resource! Professor Hannah Sevian (University of Massachusetts Boston)
Teaching Chemistry – A Studybook
Author: Ingo Eilks
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9462091404
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 346
Book Description
This book focuses on developing and updating prospective and practicing chemistry teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge. The 11 chapters of the book discuss the most essential theories from general and science education, and in the second part of each of the chapters apply the theory to examples from the chemistry classroom. Key sentences, tasks for self-assessment, and suggestions for further reading are also included. The book is focused on many different issues a teacher of chemistry is concerned with. The chapters provide contemporary discussions of the chemistry curriculum, objectives and assessment, motivation, learning difficulties, linguistic issues, practical work, student active pedagogies, ICT, informal learning, continuous professional development, and teaching chemistry in developing environments. This book, with contributions from many of the world’s top experts in chemistry education, is a major publication offering something that has not previously been available. Within this single volume, chemistry teachers, teacher educators, and prospective teachers will find information and advice relating to key issues in teaching (such as the curriculum, assessment and so forth), but contextualised in terms of the specifics of teaching and learning of chemistry, and drawing upon the extensive research in the field. Moreover, the book is written in a scholarly style with extensive citations to the literature, thus providing an excellent starting point for teachers and research students undertaking scholarly studies in chemistry education; whilst, at the same time, offering insight and practical advice to support the planning of effective chemistry teaching. This book should be considered essential reading for those preparing for chemistry teaching, and will be an important addition to the libraries of all concerned with chemical education. Dr Keith S. Taber (University of Cambridge; Editor: Chemistry Education Research and Practice) The highly regarded collection of authors in this book fills a critical void by providing an essential resource for teachers of chemistry to enhance pedagogical content knowledge for teaching modern chemistry. Through clever orchestration of examples and theory, and with carefully framed guiding questions, the book equips teachers to act on the relevance of essential chemistry knowledge to navigate such challenges as context, motivation to learn, thinking, activity, language, assessment, and maintaining professional expertise. If you are a secondary or post-secondary teacher of chemistry, this book will quickly become a favorite well-thumbed resource! Professor Hannah Sevian (University of Massachusetts Boston)
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9462091404
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 346
Book Description
This book focuses on developing and updating prospective and practicing chemistry teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge. The 11 chapters of the book discuss the most essential theories from general and science education, and in the second part of each of the chapters apply the theory to examples from the chemistry classroom. Key sentences, tasks for self-assessment, and suggestions for further reading are also included. The book is focused on many different issues a teacher of chemistry is concerned with. The chapters provide contemporary discussions of the chemistry curriculum, objectives and assessment, motivation, learning difficulties, linguistic issues, practical work, student active pedagogies, ICT, informal learning, continuous professional development, and teaching chemistry in developing environments. This book, with contributions from many of the world’s top experts in chemistry education, is a major publication offering something that has not previously been available. Within this single volume, chemistry teachers, teacher educators, and prospective teachers will find information and advice relating to key issues in teaching (such as the curriculum, assessment and so forth), but contextualised in terms of the specifics of teaching and learning of chemistry, and drawing upon the extensive research in the field. Moreover, the book is written in a scholarly style with extensive citations to the literature, thus providing an excellent starting point for teachers and research students undertaking scholarly studies in chemistry education; whilst, at the same time, offering insight and practical advice to support the planning of effective chemistry teaching. This book should be considered essential reading for those preparing for chemistry teaching, and will be an important addition to the libraries of all concerned with chemical education. Dr Keith S. Taber (University of Cambridge; Editor: Chemistry Education Research and Practice) The highly regarded collection of authors in this book fills a critical void by providing an essential resource for teachers of chemistry to enhance pedagogical content knowledge for teaching modern chemistry. Through clever orchestration of examples and theory, and with carefully framed guiding questions, the book equips teachers to act on the relevance of essential chemistry knowledge to navigate such challenges as context, motivation to learn, thinking, activity, language, assessment, and maintaining professional expertise. If you are a secondary or post-secondary teacher of chemistry, this book will quickly become a favorite well-thumbed resource! Professor Hannah Sevian (University of Massachusetts Boston)
Chemistry (Teacher Guide)
Author: Dr. Dennis Englin
Publisher: New Leaf Publishing Group
ISBN: 1683440897
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 37
Book Description
This book was created to help teachers as they instruct students through the Master’s Class Chemistry course by Master Books. The teacher is one who guides students through the subject matter, helps each student stay on schedule and be organized, and is their source of accountability along the way. With that in mind, this guide provides additional help through the laboratory exercises, as well as lessons, quizzes, and examinations that are provided along with the answers. The lessons in this study emphasize working through procedures and problem solving by learning patterns. The vocabulary is kept at the essential level. Practice exercises are given with their answers so that the patterns can be used in problem solving. These lessons and laboratory exercises are the result of over 30 years of teaching home school high school students and then working with them as they proceed through college. Guided labs are provided to enhance instruction of weekly lessons. There are many principles and truths given to us in Scripture by the God that created the universe and all of the laws by which it functions. It is important to see the hand of God and His principles and wisdom as it plays out in chemistry. This course integrates what God has told us in the context of this study. Features: Each suggested weekly schedule has five easy-to-manage lessons that combine reading and worksheets. Worksheets, quizzes, and tests are perforated and three-hole punched — materials are easy to tear out, hand out, grade, and store. Adjust the schedule and materials needed to best work within your educational program. Space is given for assignments dates. There is flexibility in scheduling. Adapt the days to your school schedule. Workflow: Students will read the pages in their book and then complete each section of the teacher guide. They should be encouraged to complete as many of the activities and projects as possible as well. Tests are given at regular intervals with space to record each grade. About the Author: DR. DENNIS ENGLIN earned his bachelor’s from Westmont College, his master of science from California State University, and his EdD from the University of Southern California. He enjoys teaching animal biology, vertebrate biology, wildlife biology, organismic biology, and astronomy at The Master’s University. His professional memberships include the Creation Research Society, the American Fisheries Association, Southern California Academy of Sciences, Yellowstone Association, and Au Sable Institute of Environmental Studies.
Publisher: New Leaf Publishing Group
ISBN: 1683440897
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 37
Book Description
This book was created to help teachers as they instruct students through the Master’s Class Chemistry course by Master Books. The teacher is one who guides students through the subject matter, helps each student stay on schedule and be organized, and is their source of accountability along the way. With that in mind, this guide provides additional help through the laboratory exercises, as well as lessons, quizzes, and examinations that are provided along with the answers. The lessons in this study emphasize working through procedures and problem solving by learning patterns. The vocabulary is kept at the essential level. Practice exercises are given with their answers so that the patterns can be used in problem solving. These lessons and laboratory exercises are the result of over 30 years of teaching home school high school students and then working with them as they proceed through college. Guided labs are provided to enhance instruction of weekly lessons. There are many principles and truths given to us in Scripture by the God that created the universe and all of the laws by which it functions. It is important to see the hand of God and His principles and wisdom as it plays out in chemistry. This course integrates what God has told us in the context of this study. Features: Each suggested weekly schedule has five easy-to-manage lessons that combine reading and worksheets. Worksheets, quizzes, and tests are perforated and three-hole punched — materials are easy to tear out, hand out, grade, and store. Adjust the schedule and materials needed to best work within your educational program. Space is given for assignments dates. There is flexibility in scheduling. Adapt the days to your school schedule. Workflow: Students will read the pages in their book and then complete each section of the teacher guide. They should be encouraged to complete as many of the activities and projects as possible as well. Tests are given at regular intervals with space to record each grade. About the Author: DR. DENNIS ENGLIN earned his bachelor’s from Westmont College, his master of science from California State University, and his EdD from the University of Southern California. He enjoys teaching animal biology, vertebrate biology, wildlife biology, organismic biology, and astronomy at The Master’s University. His professional memberships include the Creation Research Society, the American Fisheries Association, Southern California Academy of Sciences, Yellowstone Association, and Au Sable Institute of Environmental Studies.
Foundations for Teaching Chemistry
Author: Keith S. Taber
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135123384X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 187
Book Description
Chemistry is a subject that has the power to engage and enthuse students but also to mystify and confound them. Effective chemistry teaching requires a strong foundation of subject knowledge and the ability to transform this into teachable content which is meaningful for students. Drawing on pedagogical principles and research into the difficulties that many students have when studying chemical concepts, this essential text presents the core ideas of chemistry to support new and trainee chemistry teachers, including non-specialists. The book focuses on the foundational ideas that are fundamental to and link topics across the discipline of chemistry and considers how these often complex notions can be effectively presented to students without compromising on scientific authenticity. Chapters cover: the nature of chemistry as a science the chemistry triplet substances and purity in chemistry the periodic table energy in chemistry and chemical bonding contextualising and integrating chemical knowledge Whilst there are a good many books describing chemistry and many others that offer general pedagogic guidance on teaching science, Foundations for Teaching Chemistry provides accounts of core chemical topics from a teaching perspective and offers new and experienced teachers support in developing their own ‘chemical knowledge for teaching’.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135123384X
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 187
Book Description
Chemistry is a subject that has the power to engage and enthuse students but also to mystify and confound them. Effective chemistry teaching requires a strong foundation of subject knowledge and the ability to transform this into teachable content which is meaningful for students. Drawing on pedagogical principles and research into the difficulties that many students have when studying chemical concepts, this essential text presents the core ideas of chemistry to support new and trainee chemistry teachers, including non-specialists. The book focuses on the foundational ideas that are fundamental to and link topics across the discipline of chemistry and considers how these often complex notions can be effectively presented to students without compromising on scientific authenticity. Chapters cover: the nature of chemistry as a science the chemistry triplet substances and purity in chemistry the periodic table energy in chemistry and chemical bonding contextualising and integrating chemical knowledge Whilst there are a good many books describing chemistry and many others that offer general pedagogic guidance on teaching science, Foundations for Teaching Chemistry provides accounts of core chemical topics from a teaching perspective and offers new and experienced teachers support in developing their own ‘chemical knowledge for teaching’.
Chemistry
Author: Richard Post
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119632560
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 439
Book Description
A practical, complete, and easy-to-use guide for understanding major chemistry concepts and terms Master the fundamentals of chemistry with this fast and easy guide. Chemistry is a fundamental science that touches all other sciences, including biology, physics, electronics, environmental studies, astronomy, and more. Thousands of students have successfully used the previous editions of Chemistry: Concepts and Problems, A Self-Teaching Guide to learn chemistry, either independently, as a refresher, or in parallel with a college chemistry course. This newly revised edition includes updates and additions to improve your success in learning chemistry. This book uses an interactive, self-teaching method including frequent questions and study problems, increasing both the speed of learning and retention. Monitor your progress with self-tests, and master chemistry quickly. This revised Third Edition provides a fresh, step-by-step approach to learning that requires no prerequisites, lets you work at your own pace, and reinforces what you learn, ensuring lifelong mastery. Master the science of basic chemistry with this innovative, self-paced study guide Teach yourself chemistry, refresh your knowledge in preparation for medical studies or other coursework, or enhance your college chemistry course Use self-study features including review questions and quizzes to ensure that you’re really learning the material Prepare for a career in the sciences, medicine, or engineering with the core content in this user-friendly guide Authored by expert postsecondary educators, this unique book gently leads students to deeper levels and concepts with practice, critical thinking, problem solving, and self-assessment at every stage.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119632560
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 439
Book Description
A practical, complete, and easy-to-use guide for understanding major chemistry concepts and terms Master the fundamentals of chemistry with this fast and easy guide. Chemistry is a fundamental science that touches all other sciences, including biology, physics, electronics, environmental studies, astronomy, and more. Thousands of students have successfully used the previous editions of Chemistry: Concepts and Problems, A Self-Teaching Guide to learn chemistry, either independently, as a refresher, or in parallel with a college chemistry course. This newly revised edition includes updates and additions to improve your success in learning chemistry. This book uses an interactive, self-teaching method including frequent questions and study problems, increasing both the speed of learning and retention. Monitor your progress with self-tests, and master chemistry quickly. This revised Third Edition provides a fresh, step-by-step approach to learning that requires no prerequisites, lets you work at your own pace, and reinforces what you learn, ensuring lifelong mastery. Master the science of basic chemistry with this innovative, self-paced study guide Teach yourself chemistry, refresh your knowledge in preparation for medical studies or other coursework, or enhance your college chemistry course Use self-study features including review questions and quizzes to ensure that you’re really learning the material Prepare for a career in the sciences, medicine, or engineering with the core content in this user-friendly guide Authored by expert postsecondary educators, this unique book gently leads students to deeper levels and concepts with practice, critical thinking, problem solving, and self-assessment at every stage.
Teaching High School Chemistry
Author: Thomas Williams
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781534706217
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 278
Book Description
Are you new to teaching chemistry? Possibly you have worked as a chemist and have decided to switch careers, desiring to pass on to others your love of the subject. Maybe you need ways of describing concepts that you yourself understand very well. There can often be a difference between knowing something and teaching it!Even if you are an established teacher of chemistry I hope that this work can be of benefit. It is always advantageous to have an extra description or analogy handy for those instances when you are faced with a few confused faces after presenting in a manner that usually gets the point across to most students.While in college I found it advantageous to dissect complicated material into more easily manageable components. I needed mental images and developed analogies in order to understand. Plenty of those tools which I used to learn chemistry found their way into my lectures when it was time to teach. Many students enjoyed, and found advantageous, lecture descriptions that differed from that which they read in their textbooks. I tweaked these devices over 20 years as I became more aware of student preparation and misconceptions.I make no references regarding pedagogical research or "best practice". I offer simply a good review of content, accompanied by comments regarding presentation, mental imagery, analogies, common student errors and misconceptions. In other words I attempt to make you aware of "things that worked for me".While writing this book I could not comprehend a way to discuss methods without first describing content. I have endeavored to describe these concepts in the same way I do in the classroom. This is not meant to insult your intelligence. For those who need it, this may serve as a decent basis of review. It is hoped that you will use some of my descriptions to complement what already works for you in your classroom.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781534706217
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 278
Book Description
Are you new to teaching chemistry? Possibly you have worked as a chemist and have decided to switch careers, desiring to pass on to others your love of the subject. Maybe you need ways of describing concepts that you yourself understand very well. There can often be a difference between knowing something and teaching it!Even if you are an established teacher of chemistry I hope that this work can be of benefit. It is always advantageous to have an extra description or analogy handy for those instances when you are faced with a few confused faces after presenting in a manner that usually gets the point across to most students.While in college I found it advantageous to dissect complicated material into more easily manageable components. I needed mental images and developed analogies in order to understand. Plenty of those tools which I used to learn chemistry found their way into my lectures when it was time to teach. Many students enjoyed, and found advantageous, lecture descriptions that differed from that which they read in their textbooks. I tweaked these devices over 20 years as I became more aware of student preparation and misconceptions.I make no references regarding pedagogical research or "best practice". I offer simply a good review of content, accompanied by comments regarding presentation, mental imagery, analogies, common student errors and misconceptions. In other words I attempt to make you aware of "things that worked for me".While writing this book I could not comprehend a way to discuss methods without first describing content. I have endeavored to describe these concepts in the same way I do in the classroom. This is not meant to insult your intelligence. For those who need it, this may serve as a decent basis of review. It is hoped that you will use some of my descriptions to complement what already works for you in your classroom.
Teaching General Chemistry
Author: Arthur B. Ellis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
This resource volume, written especially for teachers of introductory chemistry courses, is in a ready-to-use format that will enable instructors to integrate materials chemistry into their curriculum. The book collects a critical mass of text, demonstrations, and laboratory experiments. The first ten chapters present a general introduction to solids; numerous easy-to-do teacher demonstrations are integrated into the material. The second part of the volume consists of fifteen laboratory experiments for students. Examples from cutting-edge research, as well as everyday life, spark student interest while illustrating the basic ideas that are important to an understanding of chemistry.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
This resource volume, written especially for teachers of introductory chemistry courses, is in a ready-to-use format that will enable instructors to integrate materials chemistry into their curriculum. The book collects a critical mass of text, demonstrations, and laboratory experiments. The first ten chapters present a general introduction to solids; numerous easy-to-do teacher demonstrations are integrated into the material. The second part of the volume consists of fifteen laboratory experiments for students. Examples from cutting-edge research, as well as everyday life, spark student interest while illustrating the basic ideas that are important to an understanding of chemistry.
Polymer Chemistry
Author: David M. Teegarden
Publisher: NSTA Press
ISBN: 0873552210
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
This high school textbook introduces polymer science basics, properties, and uses. It starts with a broad overview of synthetic and natural polymers and then covers synthesis and preparation, processing methods, and demonstrations and experiments. The history of polymers is discussed alongside the s
Publisher: NSTA Press
ISBN: 0873552210
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 305
Book Description
This high school textbook introduces polymer science basics, properties, and uses. It starts with a broad overview of synthetic and natural polymers and then covers synthesis and preparation, processing methods, and demonstrations and experiments. The history of polymers is discussed alongside the s
Teaching Chemistry Around the World
Author: Björn Risch
Publisher: Waxmann Verlag
ISBN: 3830972962
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
As teachers we often tend to expect other countries to teach chemistry in much the same way as we do, but educational systems differ widely. At Bielefeld University we started a project to analyse the approach to chemical education in different countries from all over the world: Teaching Chemistry around the World. 25 countries have participated in the project. The resulting country studies are presented in this book. This book may be seen as a contribution to make the structure of chemistry teaching in numerous countries more transparent and to facilitate communication between these countries. Especially in the case of the school subject chemistry, which is very unpopular on the one hand and occupies an exceptional position on the other hand – due to its relevance to jobs and everyday life and most notably due to its importance for innovation capacity and problem solving – we have to learn from each others’ educational systems.
Publisher: Waxmann Verlag
ISBN: 3830972962
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
As teachers we often tend to expect other countries to teach chemistry in much the same way as we do, but educational systems differ widely. At Bielefeld University we started a project to analyse the approach to chemical education in different countries from all over the world: Teaching Chemistry around the World. 25 countries have participated in the project. The resulting country studies are presented in this book. This book may be seen as a contribution to make the structure of chemistry teaching in numerous countries more transparent and to facilitate communication between these countries. Especially in the case of the school subject chemistry, which is very unpopular on the one hand and occupies an exceptional position on the other hand – due to its relevance to jobs and everyday life and most notably due to its importance for innovation capacity and problem solving – we have to learn from each others’ educational systems.
The Nature of the Chemical Concept
Author: Keith S Taber
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782624600
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
This book offers a step-by-step analysis and discussion of just why some students find chemistry difficult, by examining the nature of chemistry concepts, and how they are communicated and learnt.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782624600
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
This book offers a step-by-step analysis and discussion of just why some students find chemistry difficult, by examining the nature of chemistry concepts, and how they are communicated and learnt.
Innovative Methods of Teaching and Learning Chemistry in Higher Education
Author: Ingo Eilks
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782625135
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 283
Book Description
Two recent initiatives from the EU, namely the Bologna Process and the Lisbon Agenda are likely to have a major influence on European Higher Education. It seems unlikely that traditional teaching approaches, which supported the elitist system of the past, will promote the mobility, widened participation and culture of 'life-long learning' that will provide the foundations for a future knowledge-based economy. There is therefore a clear need to seek new approaches to support the changes which will inevitably occur. The European Chemistry Thematic Network (ECTN) is a network of some 160 university chemistry departments from throughout the EU as well as a number of National Chemical Societies (including the RSC) which provides a discussion forum for all aspects of higher education in chemistry. This handbook is a result of one of their working groups, who identified and collated good practice with respect to innovative methods in Higher Level Chemistry Education. It provides a comprehensive overview of innovations in university chemistry teaching from a broad European perspective. The generation of this book through a European Network, with major national chemical societies and a large number of chemistry departments as members make the book unique. The wide variety of scholars who have contributed to the book, make it interesting and invaluable reading for both new and experienced chemistry lecturers throughout the EU and beyond. The book is aimed at chemistry education at universities and other higher level institutions and at all academic staff and anyone interested in the teaching of chemistry at the tertiary level. Although newly appointed teaching staff are a clear target for the book, the innovative aspects of the topics covered are likely to prove interesting to all committed chemistry lecturers.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782625135
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 283
Book Description
Two recent initiatives from the EU, namely the Bologna Process and the Lisbon Agenda are likely to have a major influence on European Higher Education. It seems unlikely that traditional teaching approaches, which supported the elitist system of the past, will promote the mobility, widened participation and culture of 'life-long learning' that will provide the foundations for a future knowledge-based economy. There is therefore a clear need to seek new approaches to support the changes which will inevitably occur. The European Chemistry Thematic Network (ECTN) is a network of some 160 university chemistry departments from throughout the EU as well as a number of National Chemical Societies (including the RSC) which provides a discussion forum for all aspects of higher education in chemistry. This handbook is a result of one of their working groups, who identified and collated good practice with respect to innovative methods in Higher Level Chemistry Education. It provides a comprehensive overview of innovations in university chemistry teaching from a broad European perspective. The generation of this book through a European Network, with major national chemical societies and a large number of chemistry departments as members make the book unique. The wide variety of scholars who have contributed to the book, make it interesting and invaluable reading for both new and experienced chemistry lecturers throughout the EU and beyond. The book is aimed at chemistry education at universities and other higher level institutions and at all academic staff and anyone interested in the teaching of chemistry at the tertiary level. Although newly appointed teaching staff are a clear target for the book, the innovative aspects of the topics covered are likely to prove interesting to all committed chemistry lecturers.