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Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194168
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 546
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Book Description
Since 2004, PEPFAR Tanzania has been working closely with the United Republic of Tanzania and other donors, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to respond to the HIV epidemic. PEPFAR/T, the GFATM and the URT share a symbiotic relationship in Tanzania. While PEPFAR/T predominantly focuses on services and system strengthening, GFATM is responsible for commodity procurement and some systems strengthening, and the URT provides policy framework, infrastructure, systems, and personnel. Deficits in resources, governance, and health systems continue to complicate Tanzania's ability to adequately respond to HIV/AIDS. As a result, Tanzania's health programs, especially for HIV, are highly dependent upon donor funding. Foreign funds account for 97% of the Mainland's HIV/AIDS response, of which 90% come from the combined efforts of PEPFAR/T (74%) and the GFATM (16%). In addition, the country grapples with weak health infrastructure, shortages of health and social workers, high levels of stigma, cumbersome government procurement systems, weak management and strategic planning, and poor accountability. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, adult HIV prevalence in the country is estimated at 5.8% and an estimated 1.6 million Tanzanians are living with HIV of which 1.3 million are OVC. An estimated 84,000 AIDS related deaths occur in Tanzanian each year. According to the 2007-08 Tanzania HIV and AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey, the impact of the epidemic varies significantly by region, with the highest prevalence region (Iringa) estimated at 15.7%, and the lowest estimated (Zanzibar) at 0.6%, and with a significant difference in the prevalence between urban (9%) and rural (5%) areas. The data also reveal significant sex differentials in HIV prevalence, with male prevalence at 5%, and female prevalence at 7%. A new THMIS was conducted in 2011-2012 and is due to be released in late March 2013. Despite a generalized epidemic, key populations play a critical role in HIV transmission dynamics. Data indicate that injection drug use, specifically heroin use, is on the rise in urban Tanzania and Zanzibar. Studies carried out in Dar es Salaam indicate that the HIV prevalence is 42% among people who inject drugs (2007) and 31.4% among sex workers (2010), while unpublished data for men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam indicates prevalence over 30% (2012). PEPFAR support to Tanzania has enabled a dramatic increase in the number of adults and children accessing ART, with 364,000 individuals receiving treatment in FY2012. Also during FY2012, a total of 3,370,000 individuals received HIV testing and counseling, 1,100,000 pregnant women were tested and counseled through PMTCT services, 526,000 OVC received support, and 152,000 VMMC took place.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194168
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 546
Get Book
Book Description
Since 2004, PEPFAR Tanzania has been working closely with the United Republic of Tanzania and other donors, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to respond to the HIV epidemic. PEPFAR/T, the GFATM and the URT share a symbiotic relationship in Tanzania. While PEPFAR/T predominantly focuses on services and system strengthening, GFATM is responsible for commodity procurement and some systems strengthening, and the URT provides policy framework, infrastructure, systems, and personnel. Deficits in resources, governance, and health systems continue to complicate Tanzania's ability to adequately respond to HIV/AIDS. As a result, Tanzania's health programs, especially for HIV, are highly dependent upon donor funding. Foreign funds account for 97% of the Mainland's HIV/AIDS response, of which 90% come from the combined efforts of PEPFAR/T (74%) and the GFATM (16%). In addition, the country grapples with weak health infrastructure, shortages of health and social workers, high levels of stigma, cumbersome government procurement systems, weak management and strategic planning, and poor accountability. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, adult HIV prevalence in the country is estimated at 5.8% and an estimated 1.6 million Tanzanians are living with HIV of which 1.3 million are OVC. An estimated 84,000 AIDS related deaths occur in Tanzanian each year. According to the 2007-08 Tanzania HIV and AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey, the impact of the epidemic varies significantly by region, with the highest prevalence region (Iringa) estimated at 15.7%, and the lowest estimated (Zanzibar) at 0.6%, and with a significant difference in the prevalence between urban (9%) and rural (5%) areas. The data also reveal significant sex differentials in HIV prevalence, with male prevalence at 5%, and female prevalence at 7%. A new THMIS was conducted in 2011-2012 and is due to be released in late March 2013. Despite a generalized epidemic, key populations play a critical role in HIV transmission dynamics. Data indicate that injection drug use, specifically heroin use, is on the rise in urban Tanzania and Zanzibar. Studies carried out in Dar es Salaam indicate that the HIV prevalence is 42% among people who inject drugs (2007) and 31.4% among sex workers (2010), while unpublished data for men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam indicates prevalence over 30% (2012). PEPFAR support to Tanzania has enabled a dramatic increase in the number of adults and children accessing ART, with 364,000 individuals receiving treatment in FY2012. Also during FY2012, a total of 3,370,000 individuals received HIV testing and counseling, 1,100,000 pregnant women were tested and counseled through PMTCT services, 526,000 OVC received support, and 152,000 VMMC took place.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503193161
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
In 2011, Secretary Clinton called on the world to join in the fight for an AIDS Free generation and in 2012 the Secretary revealed a PEPFAR (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) Blueprint outlining the path to making this a reality. Aligned with the Global Health Initiative (GHI) Strategy, our Partnership Framework (PF) and the Blueprint's policy imperative, Angola's PEPFAR initiatives are based on strategic, scientifically sound investments to scale-up core HIV prevention to maximize impact. Based on a capacity-building, systems strengthening model, PEPFAR Angola is working with partners to effectively mobilize, coordinate and efficiently use resources to save more lives sooner. The focus will be on key populations, on women and girls to increase gender equality, and ending stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV (Cross Cutting-Appendix A). This will be measured by setting benchmarks that are regularly assessed, with the long term goal of country ownership. The Angola PEPFAR Team will continue to build upon successes of our past, maintaining current programs like supporting the Government of Republic of Angola (GRA-INLS, INSP, CNS) decentralization plan with technical assistance in health systems strengthening, implementation of an enhanced Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) services, building GRA human resources by training local surveillance experts to sustain the country's capacity in strategic information, and supporting the military to strengthen its HIV Prevention Program and promote organizational networking with other military partners at the regional level. In addition to continuing programs, in fiscal year 2014, Angola PEPFAR will expand PMTCT and HIV testing and counseling in Luanda province and coordinate HIV initiatives across borders to demonstrate collaboration with our neighbors in unity toward an AIDS Free generation. The United States Government (USG-Appendix C) utilizes a technical assistance approach in areas identified by the Ministry of Health (MoH). Secretary Clinton stated in her remarks at the 2012 International AIDS conference that we should continue to be focused on supporting high-impact interventions, and make tough decisions driven by science. This is the fundamental goal of the Angola PEPFAR program.
Author: Dominik Mattes
Publisher: Berghahn Books
ISBN: 1805393839
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 566
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Book Description
Set in Tanga, a city on the Tanzanian Swahili coast, Dominik Mattes examines the implementation of antiretroviral HIV-treatment (ART) in the area, exploring the manifold infrastructural and social fragilities of treatment provision in public HIV clinics as well as patients’ multi-layered struggles of coming to terms with ART in their everyday lives. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the book shows that, notwithstanding the massive rollout of ART, providing treatment and living a life with HIV in settings like Tanga continue to entail social, economic, and moral challenges and long-term uncertainties, which contradict the global rhetoric of the “normalization of HIV”.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503193673
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Book Description
With 82 million people, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite impressive economic growth, Ethiopia remains a low-income country with a real per capita income of US $351 and 39% of the population living below the international poverty line of $1.25/day . According to the UN Human Development Index, 2012, Ethiopia ranks 174 out of 187 countries on both the overall index and the per capita GNI (Gross National Income). It is also one of the least urbanized countries with 82% of the population living in rural areas. In 2010, Ethiopia launched a five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) which envisages an annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) base growth case scenario of 11% and a high growth case scenario of 14.9%. Improving the quality of social services and infrastructure, ensuring macroeconomic stability, and enhancing productivity in agriculture and manufacturing are major objectives of the plan. The high growth rate has been offset by high inflation in recent years. Year-on-year inflation peaked at 64% in July 2008 - the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa after Zimbabwe. In 2012 the situation had apparently improved as the inflation rate had dropped from 35.9% in January to 15.6% by December 2012. The Health Sector Development Plan IV (HSDPIV) and the Strategic Plan for Intensifying Multisectoral HIV and AIDS Response (SPMII) outline their contributions towards the GTP. The death a few months back of Prime Minister Meles has led to a change in leadership. The new Minister of Health leads a young team and is looking to develop his own legacy after the charismatic leadership of the former Minister, Dr. Tewodros Adhanom who became Foreign Minister in December 2012. The HIV/AIDS situation in Ethiopia continues to be characterized by a mixed epidemic with significant heterogeneity across geographic areas, urban vs rural, and population groups. The 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) found HIV prevalence at 1.5% nationally, compared to 2.4% according to the formerly accepted Single Point Estimate. Comparison with 2005 EDHS data suggest stable low HIV prevalence of 0.6% in rural areas but substantial declines from 7.7% to 4.2% in urban areas. Routine biannual antenatal surveillance confirms sustained declines in HIV prevalence in both urban and peri-urban areas up through the most recent estimate published for 2009 . There are contrasts in prevalence across regions (ranging from 6.5% in Gambella and 5.2% in Addis Ababa to 0.9% in SNNP), residence types (4.2% urban versus 0.6% rural) and gender (1.9% for women vs. 1.0% for men). Prevalence among 15-24 years has also significantly declined from 12.4% in 2001 to 2.6% in 2009 . SPECTRUM projections combining DHS and ANC data estimate a rapidly declining mixed epidemic where incidence has fallen to 0.03%, a 60% reduction since the introduction of PEPFAR in Ethiopia in 2005. Only Gambella region in southwestern Ethiopia with less than 0.5 percent of Ethiopia's population of 82 million showed a net increase in HIV prevalence over the same period and a worrying 9% prevalence among women aged 15-24 years. At the same time, projected national incidence rates were substantially lower than previously estimated with just over 20,000 new cases in 2012 compared to over 134,000 according to the former Single Point Estimate, although the country retains a substantial burden for secondary prevention and treatment with an estimated 734,000 people currently living with HIV in 2013. According to SPECTRUM, 70% of projected new infections in 2013 will come from sexual transmission, which is disproportionately low compared with other countries. This may be attributable to the relative successes with prevention of sexual transmission and high treatment coverage, compared with relative lack of success with prevention of vertical transmission..
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economic assistance, American
Languages : en
Pages : 1454
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Book Description
Author: Ross Benes
Publisher: Sourcebooks, Inc.
ISBN: 1492647438
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
A gripping exploration of the relationship between sex and our society, with a foreword by bestselling author A.J. Jacobs Why do political leaders become entangled in so many sex scandals? How did the U.S. military inadvertently help make San Francisco a mecca of gay culture? And what was the original purpose of vibrators? Find out the answers to all these questions and more as journalist Ross Benes delves into the complicated relationship between everyday human life—including religion, politics, and technology—and our sexuality. Drawing on history, psychology, sociology, and more, The Sex Effect combines innovative research and analysis with captivating anecdotes to reveal just how much sex shapes our society—and what it means for us as humans as we continue to struggle with the wide-ranging effects our sexuality has on the world around us.
Author: Hansjörg Dilger
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317068203
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
This book critically interrogates emerging interconnections between religion and biomedicine in Africa in the era of antiretroviral treatment for AIDS. Highlighting the complex relationships between religious ideologies, practices and organizations on the one hand, and biomedical treatment programmes and the scientific languages and public health institutions that sustain them on the other, this anthology charts largely uncovered terrain in the social science study of the Aids epidemic. Spanning different regions of Africa, the authors offer unique access to issues at the interface of religion and medical humanitarianism and the manifold therapeutic traditions, religious practices and moralities as they co-evolve in situations of AIDS treatment. This book also sheds new light on how religious spaces are formed in response to the dilemmas people face with the introduction of life-prolonging treatment programmes.
Author: Morna, Colleen Lowe
Publisher: Gender Links
ISBN: 0992243351
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 406
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Book Description
In August 2008, Heads of State of the Southern African Development Community adopted the ground-breaking SADC Protocol on Gender and Development. This followed a concerted campaign by NGOs under the umbrella of the Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance. The SADC Gender Protocol is the only sub-regional instrument that brings together existing global and continental commitments to gender equality and enhances these through time bound targets. Aligned to Millennium Development Goal Three, the original 28 targets of the Protocol targets expire in 2015. Now that 2015 is here, we need to step back, assess and reposition. In June 2014, SADC Gender Ministers agreed to review the targets of the Gender Protocol in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In May this year, ministers added that they want the Protocol to be accompanied by a Monitoring, Evaluation and Results Framework. The 2015 Barometer shows that implementation is now the biggest missing gap in the quest for gender equality. Now is the time to strengthen resolve, reconsider, reposition, and re-strategise for 2030. SADC GENDER PROTOCOL BAROMETER • 2015 2015 is here! In August 2008, Heads of State of the Southern African Development Community adopted the ground-breaking SADC Protocol on Gender and Development. This followed a concerted campaign by NGOs under the umbrella of the Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance. The SADC Gender Protocol is the only sub-regional instrument that brings together existing global and continental commitments to gender equality and enhances these through time bound targets. Aligned to Millennium Development Goal Three, the original 28 targets of the Protocol targets expire in 2015. Now that 2015 is here, we need to step back, assess and reposition. In June 2014, SADC Gender Ministers agreed to review the targets of the Gender Protocol in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In May this year, ministers added that they want the Protocol to be accompanied by a Monitoring, Evaluation and Results Framework. The 2015 Barometer shows that implementation is now the biggest missing gap in the quest for gender equality. Now is the time to strengthen resolve, reconsider, reposition, and re-strategise for 2030.
Author: Morna, Colleen Lowe
Publisher: Gender Links
ISBN: 0992243300
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 421
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Book Description
In August 2008, Heads of State of the Southern African Development Community adopted the ground-breaking SADC Protocol on Gender and Development. This followed a concerted campaign by NGOs under the umbrella of the Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance. By the 2013 Heads of State summit, 13 countries had signed and 12 countries had ratified the SADC Gender Protocol. The Protocol is now in force. With one year to go, time is ticking to 2015, when governments need to have achieved 28 targets for the attainment of gender equality. In keeping with the Alliance slogan: Yes we must! this 2014 Barometer provides a wealth of updated data against which progress will be measure by all those who cherish democracy in the region. The world, and SADC, is also looking to the future with the post 2015 agenda. Now is the time to strengthen resolve, reconsider, reposition, and re-strategise for 2030.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241549653
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes. It is an extension of earlier guidance and teaching material published by the World Health Organization (WHO): Handbook for integrated vector management Monitoring and evaluation indicators for integrated vector management Guidance on policy-making for integrated vector management and Core structure for training curricula on integrated vector management. The toolkit provides the technical detail required to plan implement monitor and evaluate an IVM approach. IVM can be used when the aim is to control or eliminate vector-borne diseases and can also contribute to insecticide resistance management. This toolkit provides information on where vector-borne diseases are endemic and what interventions should be used presenting case studies on IVM as well as relevant guidance documents for reference. The diseases that are the focus of this toolkit are malaria lymphatic filariasis dengue leishmaniasis onchocerciasis human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. It also includes information on other viral diseases (Rift Valley fever West Nile fever Chikungunya yellow fever) and trachoma. If other vector-borne diseases appear in a country or area vector control with an IVM approach should be adopted as per national priorities. Malaria as one of the most important vector-borne diseases in sub-Saharan Africa is the main focus of this document. Programmes targeting other vector-borne diseases can learn from the experiences gained from malaria vector control and presented here.
