Author: Jim Wiese
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780439336413
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Children are encouraged to do their spy activities with willing friends and family members and to respect others' right to privacy. Adults should provide guidance and supervision whenever the activity requires--from inside of book.
The Spy's Guide to Surveillance
Author: Jim Wiese
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780439336413
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Children are encouraged to do their spy activities with willing friends and family members and to respect others' right to privacy. Adults should provide guidance and supervision whenever the activity requires--from inside of book.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780439336413
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Children are encouraged to do their spy activities with willing friends and family members and to respect others' right to privacy. Adults should provide guidance and supervision whenever the activity requires--from inside of book.
Citizen Spies
Author: Joshua Reeves
Publisher: NYU Press
ISBN: 1479894907
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
The history of recruiting citizens to spy on each other in the United States. Ever since the revelations of whistleblower Edward Snowden, we think about surveillance as the data-tracking digital technologies used by the likes of Google, the National Security Administration, and the military. But in reality, the state and allied institutions have a much longer history of using everyday citizens to spy and inform on their peers. Citizen Spies shows how “If You See Something, Say Something” is more than just a new homeland security program; it has been an essential civic responsibility throughout the history of the United States. From the town crier of Colonial America to the recruitment of youth through “junior police,” to the rise of Neighborhood Watch, AMBER Alerts, and Emergency 9-1-1, Joshua Reeves explores how ordinary citizens have been taught to carry out surveillance on their peers. Emphasizing the role humans play as “seeing” and “saying” subjects, he demonstrates how American society has continuously fostered cultures of vigilance, suspicion, meddling, snooping, and snitching. Tracing the evolution of police crowd-sourcing from “Hue and Cry” posters and America’s Most Wanted to police-affiliated social media, as well as the U.S.’s recurrent anxieties about political dissidents and ethnic minorities from the Red Scare to the War on Terror, Reeves teases outhow vigilance toward neighbors has long been aligned with American ideals of patriotic and moral duty. Taking the long view of the history of the citizen spy, this book offers a much-needed perspective for those interested in how we arrived at our current moment in surveillance culture and contextualizes contemporary trends in policing.
Publisher: NYU Press
ISBN: 1479894907
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
The history of recruiting citizens to spy on each other in the United States. Ever since the revelations of whistleblower Edward Snowden, we think about surveillance as the data-tracking digital technologies used by the likes of Google, the National Security Administration, and the military. But in reality, the state and allied institutions have a much longer history of using everyday citizens to spy and inform on their peers. Citizen Spies shows how “If You See Something, Say Something” is more than just a new homeland security program; it has been an essential civic responsibility throughout the history of the United States. From the town crier of Colonial America to the recruitment of youth through “junior police,” to the rise of Neighborhood Watch, AMBER Alerts, and Emergency 9-1-1, Joshua Reeves explores how ordinary citizens have been taught to carry out surveillance on their peers. Emphasizing the role humans play as “seeing” and “saying” subjects, he demonstrates how American society has continuously fostered cultures of vigilance, suspicion, meddling, snooping, and snitching. Tracing the evolution of police crowd-sourcing from “Hue and Cry” posters and America’s Most Wanted to police-affiliated social media, as well as the U.S.’s recurrent anxieties about political dissidents and ethnic minorities from the Red Scare to the War on Terror, Reeves teases outhow vigilance toward neighbors has long been aligned with American ideals of patriotic and moral duty. Taking the long view of the history of the citizen spy, this book offers a much-needed perspective for those interested in how we arrived at our current moment in surveillance culture and contextualizes contemporary trends in policing.
Surveillance Valley
Author: Yasha Levine
Publisher: PublicAffairs
ISBN: 1610398033
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
The internet is the most effective weapon the government has ever built. In this fascinating book, investigative reporter Yasha Levine uncovers the secret origins of the internet, tracing it back to a Pentagon counterinsurgency surveillance project. A visionary intelligence officer, William Godel, realized that the key to winning the war in Vietnam was not outgunning the enemy, but using new information technology to understand their motives and anticipate their movements. This idea -- using computers to spy on people and groups perceived as a threat, both at home and abroad -- drove ARPA to develop the internet in the 1960s, and continues to be at the heart of the modern internet we all know and use today. As Levine shows, surveillance wasn't something that suddenly appeared on the internet; it was woven into the fabric of the technology. But this isn't just a story about the NSA or other domestic programs run by the government. As the book spins forward in time, Levine examines the private surveillance business that powers tech-industry giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon, revealing how these companies spy on their users for profit, all while doing double duty as military and intelligence contractors. Levine shows that the military and Silicon Valley are effectively inseparable: a military-digital complex that permeates everything connected to the internet, even coopting and weaponizing the antigovernment privacy movement that sprang up in the wake of Edward Snowden. With deep research, skilled storytelling, and provocative arguments, Surveillance Valley will change the way you think about the news -- and the device on which you read it.
Publisher: PublicAffairs
ISBN: 1610398033
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
The internet is the most effective weapon the government has ever built. In this fascinating book, investigative reporter Yasha Levine uncovers the secret origins of the internet, tracing it back to a Pentagon counterinsurgency surveillance project. A visionary intelligence officer, William Godel, realized that the key to winning the war in Vietnam was not outgunning the enemy, but using new information technology to understand their motives and anticipate their movements. This idea -- using computers to spy on people and groups perceived as a threat, both at home and abroad -- drove ARPA to develop the internet in the 1960s, and continues to be at the heart of the modern internet we all know and use today. As Levine shows, surveillance wasn't something that suddenly appeared on the internet; it was woven into the fabric of the technology. But this isn't just a story about the NSA or other domestic programs run by the government. As the book spins forward in time, Levine examines the private surveillance business that powers tech-industry giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon, revealing how these companies spy on their users for profit, all while doing double duty as military and intelligence contractors. Levine shows that the military and Silicon Valley are effectively inseparable: a military-digital complex that permeates everything connected to the internet, even coopting and weaponizing the antigovernment privacy movement that sprang up in the wake of Edward Snowden. With deep research, skilled storytelling, and provocative arguments, Surveillance Valley will change the way you think about the news -- and the device on which you read it.
Spy
Author: Richard Platt
Publisher: DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)
ISBN: 9781405337809
Category : Espionage
Languages : en
Pages : 72
Book Description
Help your child learn about spies with this fact-packed guide, giant wallchart, interactive clip-art CD and dedicated website. From how spy pictures are taken from space to how codes and ciphers have been used to communicate secrets; let your child discover all about the world of espionage. They'll discover more about spies by downloading 100s of amazing images from the clip-art CD. Then use the giant pull-out wallchart to decorate their room. Great for projects or just for fun, ensure your child learns everything they need to know about spies. With dedicated website www.ew.dk.com.
Publisher: DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)
ISBN: 9781405337809
Category : Espionage
Languages : en
Pages : 72
Book Description
Help your child learn about spies with this fact-packed guide, giant wallchart, interactive clip-art CD and dedicated website. From how spy pictures are taken from space to how codes and ciphers have been used to communicate secrets; let your child discover all about the world of espionage. They'll discover more about spies by downloading 100s of amazing images from the clip-art CD. Then use the giant pull-out wallchart to decorate their room. Great for projects or just for fun, ensure your child learns everything they need to know about spies. With dedicated website www.ew.dk.com.
The Spy's Handbook
Author: Herbie Brennan
Publisher: Faber & Faber
ISBN: 0571304893
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
The complete guide to professional spying for 8-to-80-year-olds. Whether you're just a bit nosy, or you want to launch a full-scale investigation of your neighbours, this indispensable handbook will teach you everything you need to know. There are practical sections on codes, ciphers, invisible ink and signalling, as well as guidance on drops and safe houses. This book teaches you how to spot when somebody is lying, and how to lie effectively yourself. There are sections on successful disguise and how to structure a spy ring, including psychological recruitment strategies, psychic surveillance, and spotting moles. And there's technical advice too about constructing bugging devices and setting traps. Herbie Brennan interlaces the facts with anecdotes about real-life spies, making this unique handbook an entertaining armchair read as well as an essential tool for any budding (or currently serving) MI6 operative.
Publisher: Faber & Faber
ISBN: 0571304893
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
The complete guide to professional spying for 8-to-80-year-olds. Whether you're just a bit nosy, or you want to launch a full-scale investigation of your neighbours, this indispensable handbook will teach you everything you need to know. There are practical sections on codes, ciphers, invisible ink and signalling, as well as guidance on drops and safe houses. This book teaches you how to spot when somebody is lying, and how to lie effectively yourself. There are sections on successful disguise and how to structure a spy ring, including psychological recruitment strategies, psychic surveillance, and spotting moles. And there's technical advice too about constructing bugging devices and setting traps. Herbie Brennan interlaces the facts with anecdotes about real-life spies, making this unique handbook an entertaining armchair read as well as an essential tool for any budding (or currently serving) MI6 operative.
How to Be a Spy
Author: Allain Verdugo
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781976511660
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Book Description
"To people who want learn spycraft, but don't know where to start, and don't want to work at the CIA" Interested in learning a little tradecraft are we? The skills necessary to conduct an intelligence operation, perhaps a little bit of surveillance and counter-surveillance? This book will help you to do that! Let this at-home spy course be your guide into the intricacies of this world. This is a boook written for civilians, so we'll keep it as less-technical as possible, while arming you with the things you would need to begin in this journey. This is an excellent introduction to the basics, or foundations of the craft. Contrary to popular belief, tradecraft is actually fairly simple and commonsense-- yet can be terribly technical too. At the core is getting what you want, or the effects and actions that you desire from specific targets by any means! Your limits will be the resources, time alloted, acceptable risks, manpower and their abilities and of course ethical considerations and other specs of your mission. In this book you'll learn about: Operative vs Spy HOW TO FIND A SPY? The Unassuming Spy The Traitor The Walk-In Spy The Bug The Enlistee The Doubled agent Reasons Why People Become Spies Using Force as Tool of Persuasion Trade resources to gain a recruit's trust The intelligence officer or operative could use the following strategies to stay sober: Security SECURITY MEASURES The Art of Memorization Securing the Stolen Information BRIDGING THE COMMUNICATION GAP BETWEEN THE CASE OFFICER AND THE SPY Less threatening situations Visible Contact Point of Exchange Courier Service Mail Service Encoding the Telephone Communications Cyphering your E- mail KEEPING THE CONTACT MINIMAL Safe Houses Emotions and Stress Management Mindful Meditation Affirmations Emotional Freedom and Self Development Techniques Pretexting Cover Identity Cover Story or Legend Backstop Foot Surveillance One-man Surveillance Two-man Surveillance Three-man Surveillance Automobile Surveillance One-vehicle surveillance AB Surveillance ABC Surveillance Leapfrog Technique Fixed Surveillance and much, much more! DOWNLOAD IT NOW! tags: spy vs spy shoes,spy vs spy poster,i spy books pdf,spy kids books,i spy books for sale,books and books cali,spy vs spy songs,amateur spy videos,spy vs spy bomb,spy vs spy cosplay,books god i love books,spy vs spy costume,spy dog books,spy vs spy xbox,alex spy kit,spy vs spy pc,spy x books,i spy board books,spy counter spy,spy vs spy albums,i spy books australia,spy vs. spy xbox,adult spy costume,books and books arsht,spy gear books,eye spy books,spy books for young adults,books like bob books,spy vs spy jr,best spy books for young adults,ad spy tool,i spy little books,spy books for teens,all spy knives,adwords spy tool,i spy books preschool,spy vs spy photos,all spy hats,teen spy books,list of i spy books,i spy books treasure hunt,app to spy on facebook,alex spy case,cold war spy books non fiction,spy vs spy logo,spy vs spy toys,i spy books for preschoolers,books and books jobs,audio spy bug,spy series books,teenage spy books,cold war spy books,i spy books for toddlers,where to buy i spy books,a spy story,app to spy on spouse,spy vs spy hq,books a million books,a spy pen,spy books for tweens,i spy books spooky night,white spy black spy
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781976511660
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Book Description
"To people who want learn spycraft, but don't know where to start, and don't want to work at the CIA" Interested in learning a little tradecraft are we? The skills necessary to conduct an intelligence operation, perhaps a little bit of surveillance and counter-surveillance? This book will help you to do that! Let this at-home spy course be your guide into the intricacies of this world. This is a boook written for civilians, so we'll keep it as less-technical as possible, while arming you with the things you would need to begin in this journey. This is an excellent introduction to the basics, or foundations of the craft. Contrary to popular belief, tradecraft is actually fairly simple and commonsense-- yet can be terribly technical too. At the core is getting what you want, or the effects and actions that you desire from specific targets by any means! Your limits will be the resources, time alloted, acceptable risks, manpower and their abilities and of course ethical considerations and other specs of your mission. In this book you'll learn about: Operative vs Spy HOW TO FIND A SPY? The Unassuming Spy The Traitor The Walk-In Spy The Bug The Enlistee The Doubled agent Reasons Why People Become Spies Using Force as Tool of Persuasion Trade resources to gain a recruit's trust The intelligence officer or operative could use the following strategies to stay sober: Security SECURITY MEASURES The Art of Memorization Securing the Stolen Information BRIDGING THE COMMUNICATION GAP BETWEEN THE CASE OFFICER AND THE SPY Less threatening situations Visible Contact Point of Exchange Courier Service Mail Service Encoding the Telephone Communications Cyphering your E- mail KEEPING THE CONTACT MINIMAL Safe Houses Emotions and Stress Management Mindful Meditation Affirmations Emotional Freedom and Self Development Techniques Pretexting Cover Identity Cover Story or Legend Backstop Foot Surveillance One-man Surveillance Two-man Surveillance Three-man Surveillance Automobile Surveillance One-vehicle surveillance AB Surveillance ABC Surveillance Leapfrog Technique Fixed Surveillance and much, much more! DOWNLOAD IT NOW! tags: spy vs spy shoes,spy vs spy poster,i spy books pdf,spy kids books,i spy books for sale,books and books cali,spy vs spy songs,amateur spy videos,spy vs spy bomb,spy vs spy cosplay,books god i love books,spy vs spy costume,spy dog books,spy vs spy xbox,alex spy kit,spy vs spy pc,spy x books,i spy board books,spy counter spy,spy vs spy albums,i spy books australia,spy vs. spy xbox,adult spy costume,books and books arsht,spy gear books,eye spy books,spy books for young adults,books like bob books,spy vs spy jr,best spy books for young adults,ad spy tool,i spy little books,spy books for teens,all spy knives,adwords spy tool,i spy books preschool,spy vs spy photos,all spy hats,teen spy books,list of i spy books,i spy books treasure hunt,app to spy on facebook,alex spy case,cold war spy books non fiction,spy vs spy logo,spy vs spy toys,i spy books for preschoolers,books and books jobs,audio spy bug,spy series books,teenage spy books,cold war spy books,i spy books for toddlers,where to buy i spy books,a spy story,app to spy on spouse,spy vs spy hq,books a million books,a spy pen,spy books for tweens,i spy books spooky night,white spy black spy
Hollywood’s Spies
Author: Laura B Rosenzweig
Publisher: NYU Press
ISBN: 147988247X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 261
Book Description
The remarkable story of the Jewish moguls in Hollywood who established the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organization in the country in the 1930s. Finalist, Celebrate 350 Award in American Jewish Studies The 1939 film Confessions of a Nazi Spy may have been the first cinematic shot fired by Hollywood against Nazis in America, but it by no means marked the political awakening of the film industry’s Jewish executives to the problem. Hollywood’s Spies tells the remarkable story of the Jewish moguls in Hollywood who paid private investigators to infiltrate Nazi groups operating in Los Angeles, establishing the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organization in the country—the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee (LAJCC). Drawing on more than 15,000 pages of archival documents, Laura B. Rosenzweig offers a compelling narrative illuminating the role that Jewish Americans played in combating insurgent Nazism in the United States in the 1930s. Forced undercover by the anti-Semitic climate of the decade, the LAJCC partnered with organizations whose Americanism was unimpeachable, such as the American Legion, to channel information regarding seditious Nazi plots to Congress, the Justice Department, the FBI and the Los Angeles Police Department. Hollywood’s Spies corrects the decades-long belief that American Jews lacked the political organization and leadership to assert their political interests during this period in our history and reveals that the LAJCC was one of many covert “fact finding” operations funded by Jewish Americans designed to root out Nazism in the United States. “A remarkable tale.” —The Wall Street Journal “Expose[s] a buried story about underground plots waged by Nazis against major Hollywood figures.” —Los Angeles Review of Books
Publisher: NYU Press
ISBN: 147988247X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 261
Book Description
The remarkable story of the Jewish moguls in Hollywood who established the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organization in the country in the 1930s. Finalist, Celebrate 350 Award in American Jewish Studies The 1939 film Confessions of a Nazi Spy may have been the first cinematic shot fired by Hollywood against Nazis in America, but it by no means marked the political awakening of the film industry’s Jewish executives to the problem. Hollywood’s Spies tells the remarkable story of the Jewish moguls in Hollywood who paid private investigators to infiltrate Nazi groups operating in Los Angeles, establishing the first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organization in the country—the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee (LAJCC). Drawing on more than 15,000 pages of archival documents, Laura B. Rosenzweig offers a compelling narrative illuminating the role that Jewish Americans played in combating insurgent Nazism in the United States in the 1930s. Forced undercover by the anti-Semitic climate of the decade, the LAJCC partnered with organizations whose Americanism was unimpeachable, such as the American Legion, to channel information regarding seditious Nazi plots to Congress, the Justice Department, the FBI and the Los Angeles Police Department. Hollywood’s Spies corrects the decades-long belief that American Jews lacked the political organization and leadership to assert their political interests during this period in our history and reveals that the LAJCC was one of many covert “fact finding” operations funded by Jewish Americans designed to root out Nazism in the United States. “A remarkable tale.” —The Wall Street Journal “Expose[s] a buried story about underground plots waged by Nazis against major Hollywood figures.” —Los Angeles Review of Books
The Spy's Guide to Security
Author: Jim Wiese
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780439336451
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780439336451
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
American Spies
Author: Jennifer Stisa Granick
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108107702
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 355
Book Description
US intelligence agencies - the eponymous American spies - are exceedingly aggressive, pushing and sometimes bursting through the technological, legal and political boundaries of lawful surveillance. Written for a general audience by a surveillance law expert, this book educates readers about how the reality of modern surveillance differs from popular understanding. Weaving the history of American surveillance - from J. Edgar Hoover through the tragedy of September 11th to the fusion centers and mosque infiltrators of today - the book shows that mass surveillance and democracy are fundamentally incompatible. Granick shows how surveillance law has fallen behind while surveillance technology has given American spies vast new powers. She skillfully guides the reader through proposals for reining in massive surveillance with the ultimate goal of surveillance reform.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108107702
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 355
Book Description
US intelligence agencies - the eponymous American spies - are exceedingly aggressive, pushing and sometimes bursting through the technological, legal and political boundaries of lawful surveillance. Written for a general audience by a surveillance law expert, this book educates readers about how the reality of modern surveillance differs from popular understanding. Weaving the history of American surveillance - from J. Edgar Hoover through the tragedy of September 11th to the fusion centers and mosque infiltrators of today - the book shows that mass surveillance and democracy are fundamentally incompatible. Granick shows how surveillance law has fallen behind while surveillance technology has given American spies vast new powers. She skillfully guides the reader through proposals for reining in massive surveillance with the ultimate goal of surveillance reform.
Spyplanes
Author: Norman Polmar
Publisher: Quarto Publishing Group USA
ISBN: 0760351554
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 243
Book Description
A comprehensive history with descriptions of the world's most significant aircraft employed as "eyes in the sky."For as long as there has been sustained heavier-than-air human flight, airplanes have been used to gather information about our adversaries. Less than a decade after the Wright Brothers flew at Kitty Hawk, Italian pilots were keeping tabs on Turkish foes in Libya. Today, aircraft with specialized designs and sensory equipment still cruise the skies, spying out secrets in the never-ending quest for an upper hand.Spyplanes tackles the sprawling legacy of manned aerial reconnaissance, from hot air balloons to cloth-and-wood biplanes puttering over the Western Front, and on through every major world conflict, culminating with spyplanes cruising at supersonic speeds 85,000 feet above the Earth's surface. Authors Norman Polmar and John Bessette offer a concise yet comprehensive overview history of aerial recon, exploring considerations such as spyplanes in military doctrine, events like the Cuban Missile Crisis and the downing of Francis Gary Powers' U-2, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty, and the USAF's Big Safari program.Polmar and Bessette, along with a roster of respected aviation journalists, also profile 70 renowned fixed-wing spyplanes from World I right up to the still-conceptual hypersonic SR-72. The authors examine the design, development, and service history of each aircraft, and offer images and specification boxes that detail vital stats for each. Included are purpose-built spyplanes, as well as legendary fighters and bombers that have been retrofitted for the purpose. In addition, the authors feature preliminary chapters discussing the history of aerial surveillance and a host of sidebars that explore considerations such as spyplanes in military doctrine, events like the Cuban missile crisis and the downing of Francis Gary Powers' U-2, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty, and the USAF's current Big Safari program.From prop-driven to jet-powered aircraft, this is the ultimate history and reference to those "eyes in the skies" that have added mind-bending technologies, not to mention an element of intrigue, to military aviation for more than a century.
Publisher: Quarto Publishing Group USA
ISBN: 0760351554
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 243
Book Description
A comprehensive history with descriptions of the world's most significant aircraft employed as "eyes in the sky."For as long as there has been sustained heavier-than-air human flight, airplanes have been used to gather information about our adversaries. Less than a decade after the Wright Brothers flew at Kitty Hawk, Italian pilots were keeping tabs on Turkish foes in Libya. Today, aircraft with specialized designs and sensory equipment still cruise the skies, spying out secrets in the never-ending quest for an upper hand.Spyplanes tackles the sprawling legacy of manned aerial reconnaissance, from hot air balloons to cloth-and-wood biplanes puttering over the Western Front, and on through every major world conflict, culminating with spyplanes cruising at supersonic speeds 85,000 feet above the Earth's surface. Authors Norman Polmar and John Bessette offer a concise yet comprehensive overview history of aerial recon, exploring considerations such as spyplanes in military doctrine, events like the Cuban Missile Crisis and the downing of Francis Gary Powers' U-2, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty, and the USAF's Big Safari program.Polmar and Bessette, along with a roster of respected aviation journalists, also profile 70 renowned fixed-wing spyplanes from World I right up to the still-conceptual hypersonic SR-72. The authors examine the design, development, and service history of each aircraft, and offer images and specification boxes that detail vital stats for each. Included are purpose-built spyplanes, as well as legendary fighters and bombers that have been retrofitted for the purpose. In addition, the authors feature preliminary chapters discussing the history of aerial surveillance and a host of sidebars that explore considerations such as spyplanes in military doctrine, events like the Cuban missile crisis and the downing of Francis Gary Powers' U-2, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty, and the USAF's current Big Safari program.From prop-driven to jet-powered aircraft, this is the ultimate history and reference to those "eyes in the skies" that have added mind-bending technologies, not to mention an element of intrigue, to military aviation for more than a century.