Spectral Radiance of Snow and Clouds in the Near Infrared Spectral Region PDF Download
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Author: Francis R. Valovcin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cirrus clouds
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
The near infrared spectral radiance measurements of snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds taken by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory's flying laboratory are evaluated. From the analysis of the 124 specra obtained, the spectral radiances or reflectance characteristics of snow and cirrus and cumulus clouds between 5500 and 7000/cm (1.82-1.43 micrometers were determined. Snow/cloud discrimination can be made by utilizing a sensor in the 5500 to 7000/ cm spectral region. Based on the analysis of these data, certain snow/cloud design parameters were identified; that is, slope of the spectral radiance, absolute spectral and/or total radiance, and the location and value of the maximum spectral radiance for the snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds. Finally, specific recommendations are made for an optimal operational snow/cloud discrimination radiometer. (Author).
Author: Francis R. Valovcin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cirrus clouds
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
The near infrared spectral radiance measurements of snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds taken by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory's flying laboratory are evaluated. From the analysis of the 124 specra obtained, the spectral radiances or reflectance characteristics of snow and cirrus and cumulus clouds between 5500 and 7000/cm (1.82-1.43 micrometers were determined. Snow/cloud discrimination can be made by utilizing a sensor in the 5500 to 7000/ cm spectral region. Based on the analysis of these data, certain snow/cloud design parameters were identified; that is, slope of the spectral radiance, absolute spectral and/or total radiance, and the location and value of the maximum spectral radiance for the snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds. Finally, specific recommendations are made for an optimal operational snow/cloud discrimination radiometer. (Author).
Author: Francis R. Valovcin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clouds
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Book Description
The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of the data from the S192 Multispectral Scanner aboard Skylab in snow-cloud discrimination. From the available S192 screening films and digital tape data, the reflectance characteristics of snow, ice, and water clouds in different spectral bands from the visible into the near infrared spectral region can be determined. In the visible part of the spectrum, snow, ice, and water clouds appear white. In the near infrared, Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers), water clouds are white, ice clouds are gray and snow is black. The ratio of the radiance values in Band 6 (0.68 to 0.76 micrometers to Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers appears to provide a method for discriminating between snow cover, ice, and water clouds. (Author).
Author: H. W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reflection (Optics).
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The spectral reflectance of snow in the range of 0.60 to 2.50 micrometers wavelengths was studied in a cold laboratory using natural snow and simulated preparations of snow. A white barium sulfate powder was used as the standard for comparison. The high reflectance (usually nearly 100%) of fresh natural snow in the visible wavelength declines rapidly at wavelengths near and beyond 0.80 micrometers, as the spectral absorption coefficients of ice increase. The rate of decline of near-infrared reflectance due to aging is strongly affected by the history of the snow during aging. Snow aged under certain conditions may retain 90% or so of its reflectance in the visible red, yet may be only about 10% as reflective as the original fresh snow beyond 2.2 micrometers. Several environmental factors such as ambient temperature and wind effects which contribute to the variability in snow reflectance are discussed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Military meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Geophysics
Languages : en
Pages : 1024
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Author: James T. Bunting
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric physics
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Several current programs in satellite meteorology at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory are reviewed. First of all, the use of reflected sunlight at both visible and near infrared frequencies to distinguish snow from clouds is described. Secondly, a technique of compositing pictures of many typhoon cases in order to relate cloud features to typhoon motion is discussed. Finally, the use of visible and infrared imagery to estimate erosion parameters for reentry systems is described. (Author).
Author: James T. Bunting
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Infrared detectors
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Author: UNITED STATES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE. AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND. AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clouds
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of the data from the S192 Multispectral Scanner aboard Skylab in snow-cloud discrimination. From the available S192 screening films and digital tape data, the reflectance characteristics of snow, ice, and water clouds in different spectral bands from the visible into the near infrared spectral region can be determined. In the visible part of the spectrum, snow, ice, and water clouds appear white. In the near infrared, Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers), water clouds are white, ice clouds are gray and snow is black. The ratio of the radiance values in Band 6 (0.68 to 0.76 micrometers to Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers appears to provide a method for discriminating between snow cover, ice, and water clouds. (Author)
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Astronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 558
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Book Description
Author: Harold W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
