Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Chitinase Accumulation and Pathogen Colonization in Soybeans with Tolerance to Phytophthora Sojae Infection PDF Download
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Author: Kitrina Murie Carlson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Phytophthora sojae
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
Tolerance to Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in soybean is a highly-heritable, multi-genic trait. Tolerance is a desirable trait in soybean lines because it is not race-specific and cannot be overcome by a buildup of a specific Phytophthora sojae races, unlike race-specific, single gene resistance. The plant-pathogen interactions occurring in the tolerant reaction to disease have not been thoroughly characterized. The objective of this research was to characterize components of the plant-pathogen interaction occurring in tolerant soybeans infected with P. sojae that may be involved in limiting pathogen colonization and disease development. One important aspect of this interaction is the timing of localized and systemic defense responses. Using chitinase as a marker of defense response activation, I characterized spatial and temporal patterns of chitinase isoform expression. I found that unique chitinase isoforms accumulate in soybean roots infected with P. sojae . Some of these isoforms are expressed earlier in tolerant cultivars than in susceptible cultivars and some of these isoforms are expressed systemically in tolerant cultivars and only locally in susceptible cultivars. This has helped to elucidate differences in the plant defense response between tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Another important component of this interaction is the events involved in pathogen colonization of the root. To analyze the timing and extent of P. sojae colonization of the soybean root system, I utilized real-time PCR to detect and quantify P. sojae within the soybean root system. My results suggest P. sojae colonizes tolerant cultivars more slowly and to a lesser degree than susceptible cultivars.
Author: Kitrina Murie Carlson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Phytophthora sojae
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
Tolerance to Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in soybean is a highly-heritable, multi-genic trait. Tolerance is a desirable trait in soybean lines because it is not race-specific and cannot be overcome by a buildup of a specific Phytophthora sojae races, unlike race-specific, single gene resistance. The plant-pathogen interactions occurring in the tolerant reaction to disease have not been thoroughly characterized. The objective of this research was to characterize components of the plant-pathogen interaction occurring in tolerant soybeans infected with P. sojae that may be involved in limiting pathogen colonization and disease development. One important aspect of this interaction is the timing of localized and systemic defense responses. Using chitinase as a marker of defense response activation, I characterized spatial and temporal patterns of chitinase isoform expression. I found that unique chitinase isoforms accumulate in soybean roots infected with P. sojae . Some of these isoforms are expressed earlier in tolerant cultivars than in susceptible cultivars and some of these isoforms are expressed systemically in tolerant cultivars and only locally in susceptible cultivars. This has helped to elucidate differences in the plant defense response between tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Another important component of this interaction is the events involved in pathogen colonization of the root. To analyze the timing and extent of P. sojae colonization of the soybean root system, I utilized real-time PCR to detect and quantify P. sojae within the soybean root system. My results suggest P. sojae colonizes tolerant cultivars more slowly and to a lesser degree than susceptible cultivars.
Author: Santiago Xavier Mideros Mora
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Phytophthora sojae
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
Abstract: Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae, is a serious limitation to soybean production in the United States. Extensive deployment of Rps genes in soybean cultivars has led to adaptations in the P. sojae populations. Partial resistance to P. sojae in soybeans is effective against all races of the pathogen and is a form of incomplete resistance where the plant reduces the rate of colonization of the pathogen. In addition to partial resistance other types of incomplete resistance have also been described. Rps2 is a single dominant gene that confers incomplete resistance in soybean hypocotyls. Root resistance, thought to be quantitatively inherited, is another form of race specific resistance that appears to function only in the roots. In order to differentiate partial resistance from the other types of incomplete resistance that are race specific, components of resistance were analyzed and the cytology of infection compared. For this study attempts to genetically transform P. sojae to express a marker gene were unsuccessful. Three components were measured (lesion length, oospore production and infection frequency) in 8 soybean genotypes that were inoculated with non-transformed P. sojae isolates on the roots. Light and epifluorescent microscopy were used to study transversal cuts of Trypan blue stained root samples that were also inoculated with P. sojae. Soybean partial resistance was found to be composed of various components that interact to produce the partial resistance phenotype for defense against P. sojae in the roots. It was also found that the Rps2 and root resistant genotypes had significantly reduced levels for all of the components of resistance studied in comparison to the partially resistant genotype Conrad. However, the high levels of partial resistance in Jack were indistinguishable from the Rps2 reaction for all the components studied. In the cytology study it was found that P. sojae penetrates into all the soybean incomplete resistant genotypes: partial resistant, Rps2, and root resistant. Several mechanisms of resistance were observed: i) the resistance phenotype (Rpsla) contained the pathogen biotrophic growth from between 0 to 24 hal in a hypersensitive response; ii) Rps2 and root resistance phenotypes, also stopped growth of the pathogen but this occurred between 24 and 48 hal in a delayed hypersensitive response and iii) the partial resistance and the susceptible phenotypes allowed biotrophic colonization ofF. sojae. Finally a methodology to differentiate among mechanisms of incomplete resistance to P. sojae in soybean was identified based on the number of dead cells and extent of colonization that differed in partial resistance and Rps2 phenotypes.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 730
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertation abstracts
Languages : en
Pages : 776
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Author: Libo Shan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781493968596
Category : Botany
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Book Description
"This volume covers protocols on techniques ranging from MAMP isolations from diverse microorganisms, PRR identifications from different plant species, MAMP-PRR binding, and a series of signaling responses and events revealed by various biochemical, cellular, genetic and bioinformatic tools. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors: Methods and Protocolsaims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field." -- OCLC.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemistry
Languages : en
Pages : 2762
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Author: Gary Stacey
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461560535
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 238
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Book Description
Plant-Microbe Interactions, Volume 2 Volume 1 of this series has made its appearance and dealt forcefully with impor tant current topics in the field of plant-microbe interactions. We believe that the quality of those chapters was high and should serve as a focal point for the state of the art as well as an enduring reference. Volume 2 builds upon these accom plishments. Chapter 1 discusses the fascinating lipo-chitin signal molecules from Rhizo bium, aspects regarding their biosynthesis, and the basis for host specificity. These molecules are a cardinal example of how microorganisms influence plant development and stimulate speculation that they have identified a previously un known aspect of plant hormone activity. Chapter 2 continues the discussion of Rhizobium by considering the trafficking of carbon and nitrogen in nodules. Al though the ostensible advantage of nodules to plants is the fixation of atmos pheric nitrogen, the actual process involved in supplying reduced nitrogen to the plant host is complex.
Author: Ajar Nath Yadav
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030384535
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
This book encompasses the current knowledge of plant microbiomes and their potential biotechnological application for plant growth, crop yield and soil health for sustainable agriculture. The plant microbiomes (rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic) play an important role in plant growth, development, and soil health. Plant and rhizospheric soil are a valuable natural resource harbouring hotspots of microbes, and it plays critical roles in the maintenance of global nutrient balance and ecosystem function. The diverse group of microbes is key components of soil–plant systems, where they are engaged in an intense network of interactions in the rhizosphere/endophytic/phyllospheric. The rhizospheric microbial diversity present in rhizospheric zones has a sufficient amount of nutrients release by plant root systems in form of root exudates for growth, development and activities of microbes. The endophytic microbes are referred to those microorganisms, which colonize in the interior of the plant parts, viz root, stem or seeds without causing any harmful effect on host plant. Endophytic microbes enter in host plants mainly through wounds, naturally occurring as a result of plant growth, or through root hairs and at epidermal conjunctions. Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). The phyllosphere is a common niche for synergism between microbes and plant. The leaf surface has been termed as phyllosphere and zone of leaves inhabited by microorganisms as phyllosphere. The plant part, especially leaves, is exposed to dust and air currents resulting in the establishments of typical flora on their surface aided by the cuticles, waxes and appendages, which help in the anchorage of microorganisms. The phyllospheric microbes may survive or proliferate on leaves depending on extent of influences of material in leaf diffuseness or exudates. The leaf diffuseness contains the principal nutrients factors (amino acids, glucose, fructose and sucrose), and such specialized habitats may provide niche for nitrogen fixation and secretions of substances capable of promoting the growth of plants. The microbes associated with plant as rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic with plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes have emerged as an important and promising tool for sustainable agriculture. PGP microbes promote plant growth directly or indirectly, either by releasing plant growth regulators; solubilization of phosphorus, potassium and zinc; biological nitrogen fixation or by producing siderophore, ammonia, HCN and other secondary metabolites which are antagonistic against pathogenic microbes. The PGP microbes belong to different phylum of archaea (Euryarchaeota); bacteria (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), which include different genera namely Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Gluconoacetobacter, Haloarcula, Herbaspirillum, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Planomonospora, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Serratia and Streptomyces. These PGP microbes could be used as biofertilizers/bioinoculants at place of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. The aim of “Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture” is to provide the current developments in the understanding of microbial diversity associated with plant systems in the form of rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic. The book is useful to scientist, research and students related to microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology and related subjects.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 1960
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Author: Kurt Mendgen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642758185
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Book Description
Plants, fungi, and viruses were among the first biological objects studied with an electron microscope. One of the two first instruments built by Siemens was used by Helmut Ruska, a brother of Ernst Ruska, the pioneer in constructing electron microscopes. H. Ruska published numerous papers on different biological objects in 1939. In one of these, the pictures by G. A. Kausche, E. Pfankuch, and H. Ruska of tobacco mosaic virus opened a new age in microscopy. The main problem was then as it still is today, to obtain an appropriate preparation of the specimen for observation in the electron microscope. Beam damage and specimen thickness were the first obstacles to be met. L. Marton in Brussels not only built his own instrument, but also made considerable progress in specimen preparation by introducing the impregnation of samples with heavy metals to obtain useful contrast. His pictures of the bird nest orchid root impregnated with osmium were revolutionary when published in 1934. It is not the place here to recall the different techniques which were developed in the subsequent years to attain the modern knowledge on the fine structure of plant cells and of different plant pathogens. The tremendous progress obtained with tobacco mosaic virus is reflected in the chapter by M. Wurtz on the fine structure of viruses in this Volume. New cytochemical and immunological techniques considerably surpass the morphological information obtained from the pathogens, especially at the host-parasite interface.
