Author: Christopher C. Chang
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493902652
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 600
Book Description
Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition, offers the definitive source of information about the basic science of the sinuses and the clinical approach to sinusitis. Since the widely praised publication of the first edition, understanding of sinus disease has changed dramatically, mainly as a result of recent developments and new discoveries in the field of immunology. This updated and expanded edition is divided into sections addressing, separately, the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, medical and surgical management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Special entities such as autoimmune-related sinusitis, allergy and sinusitis, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease are discussed in separate chapters. The role of immunodeficiency is also addressed. The management section has been fully updated to incorporate new medical modalities and surgical procedures. Developed by a distinguished group of international experts who share their expertise and insights from years of collective experience in treating sinus diseases, the book will appeal to anyone who has an interest in sinus disease, including both physicians and allied health professionals. Internists, pediatricians, allergists, otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists will find the book to be an invaluable, comprehensive reference. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners who work with specialists who treat sinus disease will also benefit from the book.
Diseases of the Sinuses
Author: Christopher C. Chang
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493902652
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 600
Book Description
Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition, offers the definitive source of information about the basic science of the sinuses and the clinical approach to sinusitis. Since the widely praised publication of the first edition, understanding of sinus disease has changed dramatically, mainly as a result of recent developments and new discoveries in the field of immunology. This updated and expanded edition is divided into sections addressing, separately, the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, medical and surgical management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Special entities such as autoimmune-related sinusitis, allergy and sinusitis, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease are discussed in separate chapters. The role of immunodeficiency is also addressed. The management section has been fully updated to incorporate new medical modalities and surgical procedures. Developed by a distinguished group of international experts who share their expertise and insights from years of collective experience in treating sinus diseases, the book will appeal to anyone who has an interest in sinus disease, including both physicians and allied health professionals. Internists, pediatricians, allergists, otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists will find the book to be an invaluable, comprehensive reference. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners who work with specialists who treat sinus disease will also benefit from the book.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493902652
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 600
Book Description
Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition, offers the definitive source of information about the basic science of the sinuses and the clinical approach to sinusitis. Since the widely praised publication of the first edition, understanding of sinus disease has changed dramatically, mainly as a result of recent developments and new discoveries in the field of immunology. This updated and expanded edition is divided into sections addressing, separately, the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, medical and surgical management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Special entities such as autoimmune-related sinusitis, allergy and sinusitis, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease are discussed in separate chapters. The role of immunodeficiency is also addressed. The management section has been fully updated to incorporate new medical modalities and surgical procedures. Developed by a distinguished group of international experts who share their expertise and insights from years of collective experience in treating sinus diseases, the book will appeal to anyone who has an interest in sinus disease, including both physicians and allied health professionals. Internists, pediatricians, allergists, otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists will find the book to be an invaluable, comprehensive reference. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners who work with specialists who treat sinus disease will also benefit from the book.
SINUSITIS : UNDERSTAND THE DISEASE AND CURE IT
Author: Vikash Kumar
Publisher: Vikash Kumar
ISBN:
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 107
Book Description
Welcome to "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It." As you hold this book in your hands, you may be someone who has experienced the discomfort and frustration of sinusitis firsthand, or you might be a caregiver, friend, or healthcare professional seeking deeper insights into this prevalent condition. Whichever the case, I commend you for taking the initiative to explore and understand sinusitis more profoundly. Sinusitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the sinus cavities, affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its widespread occurrence, sinusitis often remains misunderstood, with its symptoms sometimes mistaken for those of other ailments. This book aims to shed light on sinusitis, offering clarity on its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures. Through meticulous research, clinical expertise, and personal anecdotes, "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It" serves as a beacon of knowledge and hope for individuals grappling with sinusitis. Within these pages, you will find comprehensive information, practical advice, and actionable strategies to help you navigate the complexities of sinusitis with confidence and empowerment. Our journey begins by unraveling the mysteries of sinusitis, exploring its various forms, from acute to chronic, and understanding the factors that contribute to its onset and recurrence. We delve into the telltale signs and symptoms of sinusitis, guiding you in recognizing when to seek medical attention and when self-care measures may suffice... Diagnosis and treatment options for sinusitis are discussed in detail, offering insights into the role of medical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and alternative therapies in managing sinusitis effectively. Furthermore, we explore the importance of preventive measures and proactive strategies for reducing the frequency and severity of sinusitis episodes. As we embark on this journey together, it is essential to acknowledge that living with sinusitis can present challenges and uncertainties. However, by arming ourselves with knowledge, resilience, and a proactive mindset, we can navigate the ups and downs of sinusitis with grace and determination. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all the individuals, healthcare professionals, and researchers who have contributed their expertise and insights to the creation of this book. It is my sincere hope that "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It" serves as a beacon of knowledge, empowerment, and compassion for all those affected by sinusitis. May this book empower you to take control of your sinus health, embrace hope in the face of challenges, and embark on a journey of healing and well-being..
Publisher: Vikash Kumar
ISBN:
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 107
Book Description
Welcome to "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It." As you hold this book in your hands, you may be someone who has experienced the discomfort and frustration of sinusitis firsthand, or you might be a caregiver, friend, or healthcare professional seeking deeper insights into this prevalent condition. Whichever the case, I commend you for taking the initiative to explore and understand sinusitis more profoundly. Sinusitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the sinus cavities, affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its widespread occurrence, sinusitis often remains misunderstood, with its symptoms sometimes mistaken for those of other ailments. This book aims to shed light on sinusitis, offering clarity on its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures. Through meticulous research, clinical expertise, and personal anecdotes, "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It" serves as a beacon of knowledge and hope for individuals grappling with sinusitis. Within these pages, you will find comprehensive information, practical advice, and actionable strategies to help you navigate the complexities of sinusitis with confidence and empowerment. Our journey begins by unraveling the mysteries of sinusitis, exploring its various forms, from acute to chronic, and understanding the factors that contribute to its onset and recurrence. We delve into the telltale signs and symptoms of sinusitis, guiding you in recognizing when to seek medical attention and when self-care measures may suffice... Diagnosis and treatment options for sinusitis are discussed in detail, offering insights into the role of medical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and alternative therapies in managing sinusitis effectively. Furthermore, we explore the importance of preventive measures and proactive strategies for reducing the frequency and severity of sinusitis episodes. As we embark on this journey together, it is essential to acknowledge that living with sinusitis can present challenges and uncertainties. However, by arming ourselves with knowledge, resilience, and a proactive mindset, we can navigate the ups and downs of sinusitis with grace and determination. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all the individuals, healthcare professionals, and researchers who have contributed their expertise and insights to the creation of this book. It is my sincere hope that "Sinusitis: Understand the Disease and Cure It" serves as a beacon of knowledge, empowerment, and compassion for all those affected by sinusitis. May this book empower you to take control of your sinus health, embrace hope in the face of challenges, and embark on a journey of healing and well-being..
Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Author: Gauri Mankekar
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 8132215303
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
Incidence of invasive fungal sinusitis has been increasing over the years. The understanding of its pathophysiology has improved with newer serological tests and diagnostic methods helping in earlier diagnosis and reducing patient morbidity. It was believed earlier that invasive fungal sinusitis is seen only in immune compromised patients but clinical reports suggest otherwise. More anti-fungal drugs are being added to improve incidence of patient survival. This book aims to compile all practical information about invasive fungal sinusitis into a single volume. Therefore, busy clinicians would not have to perform exhaustive literature studies to diagnose invasive fungal sinusitis. The book aims to provide an overview of diseases which could be mistaken for invasive fungal sinusitis and discuss how the management is different. Book sections consist of clinical, microbiological, serological, pathological, radiological and pharmacological features of the disease and its management. Each section is important in today’s context as it dynamically alters the management of the patient. Early clinical suspicion and rapid microbiological, pathological and radiological diagnosis with aggressive treatment with surgical debridement and medical therapy leads to favorable outcomes.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 8132215303
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
Incidence of invasive fungal sinusitis has been increasing over the years. The understanding of its pathophysiology has improved with newer serological tests and diagnostic methods helping in earlier diagnosis and reducing patient morbidity. It was believed earlier that invasive fungal sinusitis is seen only in immune compromised patients but clinical reports suggest otherwise. More anti-fungal drugs are being added to improve incidence of patient survival. This book aims to compile all practical information about invasive fungal sinusitis into a single volume. Therefore, busy clinicians would not have to perform exhaustive literature studies to diagnose invasive fungal sinusitis. The book aims to provide an overview of diseases which could be mistaken for invasive fungal sinusitis and discuss how the management is different. Book sections consist of clinical, microbiological, serological, pathological, radiological and pharmacological features of the disease and its management. Each section is important in today’s context as it dynamically alters the management of the patient. Early clinical suspicion and rapid microbiological, pathological and radiological diagnosis with aggressive treatment with surgical debridement and medical therapy leads to favorable outcomes.
Diseases of the Sinuses
Author: David W. Kennedy
Publisher: PMPH-USA
ISBN: 9781550090451
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This book provides a complete and authoritative text that comprehensively covers all medical and surgical aspects of the paranasal sinuses and the diseases that affect them. Kennedy, Bolger, and Zinreich have recruited the best basic scientists, clinicians, and surgeons to contribute their expertise to this new work, the first on the subject in decades.
Publisher: PMPH-USA
ISBN: 9781550090451
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This book provides a complete and authoritative text that comprehensively covers all medical and surgical aspects of the paranasal sinuses and the diseases that affect them. Kennedy, Bolger, and Zinreich have recruited the best basic scientists, clinicians, and surgeons to contribute their expertise to this new work, the first on the subject in decades.
Infections of the Ears, Nose, Throat, and Sinuses
Author: Marlene L. Durand
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319748351
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
This text serves as a practical but comprehensive guide to diagnosing and treating ear, nose, throat, and sinus infections. The 30 chapters have been contributed by otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists who are experts in the field. Topics include common infections such as otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and acute bacterial sinusitis, as well as less common infections such as mumps, scrofula, malignant otitis externa, Lemierre’s syndrome, invasive fungal sinusitis, and deep neck infections. Human papillomavirus-related neoplasms, biofilms, chronic sinusitis, antibiotic-resistant infections, and measures to prevent surgical site infections are also discussed. Written with the practicing clinician in mind, Infections of the Ears, Nose, Throat, and Sinuses will be an invaluable aid to otolaryngologists, infectious disease specialists, internists, pediatricians, and primary care providers./div
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319748351
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
This text serves as a practical but comprehensive guide to diagnosing and treating ear, nose, throat, and sinus infections. The 30 chapters have been contributed by otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists who are experts in the field. Topics include common infections such as otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and acute bacterial sinusitis, as well as less common infections such as mumps, scrofula, malignant otitis externa, Lemierre’s syndrome, invasive fungal sinusitis, and deep neck infections. Human papillomavirus-related neoplasms, biofilms, chronic sinusitis, antibiotic-resistant infections, and measures to prevent surgical site infections are also discussed. Written with the practicing clinician in mind, Infections of the Ears, Nose, Throat, and Sinuses will be an invaluable aid to otolaryngologists, infectious disease specialists, internists, pediatricians, and primary care providers./div
The Sinuses
Author: Paul J. Donald
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 696
Book Description
his volume is the most comprehensive reference on the diagnosis, surgical correction, pharmacological treatment, and long-term management of virtually every major disorder of the paranasal sinuses. Its encyclopedic coverage encompasses all inflammatory diseases, fractures, neoplasms, and related conditions of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and orbit. The book provides complete information on food and inhalant allergy testing, diagnostic imaging, bacteriologic tests, and other diagnostic strategies. Noted surgeons demonstrate the latest refinements in conventional and endoscopic surgery, including procedures for sinusitis; skull base surgery for sinus neoplasms; restoration of palatal, nasal, and orbital defects; orbital decompression; transseptal-transsphenoidal hypophysectomy; fracture repair; and nasal septal surgery. Also included are thorough reviews of nonsurgical interventions such as antibiotic regimens for sinusitis, intranasal corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, antihistamines and decongestants, and immunotherapy (hyposensitization) regimens.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 696
Book Description
his volume is the most comprehensive reference on the diagnosis, surgical correction, pharmacological treatment, and long-term management of virtually every major disorder of the paranasal sinuses. Its encyclopedic coverage encompasses all inflammatory diseases, fractures, neoplasms, and related conditions of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and orbit. The book provides complete information on food and inhalant allergy testing, diagnostic imaging, bacteriologic tests, and other diagnostic strategies. Noted surgeons demonstrate the latest refinements in conventional and endoscopic surgery, including procedures for sinusitis; skull base surgery for sinus neoplasms; restoration of palatal, nasal, and orbital defects; orbital decompression; transseptal-transsphenoidal hypophysectomy; fracture repair; and nasal septal surgery. Also included are thorough reviews of nonsurgical interventions such as antibiotic regimens for sinusitis, intranasal corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, antihistamines and decongestants, and immunotherapy (hyposensitization) regimens.
Sinus Relief Now
Author: Jordan S. Josephson
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 9780399532986
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Dr. Josephson's unique five-step program combines the best practices from traditional and alternative medicine to bring relief to the millions who suffer from respiratory problems. Recent research shows that many respiratory diseases are more related than previously thought. Their common, underlying cause is what Dr. Josephson terms "Chronic Airway-Digestive Inflammatory Disease" (CAID). His groundbreaking, proven approach will provide real relief from sinus disease, allergies, asthma, sinus infections, sinus headaches, bronchitis, ear infections, snoring, sleep apnea, GERD, and the acute mold epidemic. Sinus Relief Now will show how to: Maintain proper sinus care Remove mold and other irritants from the home, office, and car Follow a sinus-friendly nutrition program Find the right medications and treatments Experience total-body health
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 9780399532986
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Dr. Josephson's unique five-step program combines the best practices from traditional and alternative medicine to bring relief to the millions who suffer from respiratory problems. Recent research shows that many respiratory diseases are more related than previously thought. Their common, underlying cause is what Dr. Josephson terms "Chronic Airway-Digestive Inflammatory Disease" (CAID). His groundbreaking, proven approach will provide real relief from sinus disease, allergies, asthma, sinus infections, sinus headaches, bronchitis, ear infections, snoring, sleep apnea, GERD, and the acute mold epidemic. Sinus Relief Now will show how to: Maintain proper sinus care Remove mold and other irritants from the home, office, and car Follow a sinus-friendly nutrition program Find the right medications and treatments Experience total-body health
The Sinus Cure
Author: Debra Fulghum Bruce
Publisher: Ballantine Books
ISBN: 0307491005
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 338
Book Description
From an award-winning medical writer comes the definitive guide for sinus sufferers. If you're one of the thirty-eight million who endure from sinus problems, you know the debilitating effects this condition can bring—from pounding headaches, runny nose, and chronic fatigue to asthma, halitosis, even serious lung disease and meningitis. The good news is that sinus disease can be dramatically alleviated and permanently reversed. Now, after years of research, interviews, and personal and professional experience, Debra Fulghum Bruce and Murray Grossan, M.D., share cures from the top healthcare specialists and patients . . . cures that really work. In clear, authoritative language, The Sinus Cure explains how you can easily design a highly effective 7-step sinus healing program to help you get a long-lasting grip on your own particular symptoms. Inside you'll discover: • Alternative and complementary healing options—homeopathy, herbs, t'ai chi, yoga, and other ancient and New Age strategies • The foods that trigger sinusitis—and the ones that soothe it • Nutritional and natural supplements that reduce swelling and inflammation • Proven methods for clearing the air you breathe of dust mites, mold, damp, and other allergens • Effective sinus hygiene, including the wonder of nasal irrigators • Exercises that can act as a decongestant • Helpful (and not-so-helpful) prescription or over-the-counter medications • The startling truth about sinus surgery • How to combine the most effective medical and natural treatments to end your sinus symptoms Although further medical research is needed to completely eradicate sinusitis, the treatments and medications described here, most without any side effects, will greatly reduce or end your sinus problems. So breathe easy. Relief is here!
Publisher: Ballantine Books
ISBN: 0307491005
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 338
Book Description
From an award-winning medical writer comes the definitive guide for sinus sufferers. If you're one of the thirty-eight million who endure from sinus problems, you know the debilitating effects this condition can bring—from pounding headaches, runny nose, and chronic fatigue to asthma, halitosis, even serious lung disease and meningitis. The good news is that sinus disease can be dramatically alleviated and permanently reversed. Now, after years of research, interviews, and personal and professional experience, Debra Fulghum Bruce and Murray Grossan, M.D., share cures from the top healthcare specialists and patients . . . cures that really work. In clear, authoritative language, The Sinus Cure explains how you can easily design a highly effective 7-step sinus healing program to help you get a long-lasting grip on your own particular symptoms. Inside you'll discover: • Alternative and complementary healing options—homeopathy, herbs, t'ai chi, yoga, and other ancient and New Age strategies • The foods that trigger sinusitis—and the ones that soothe it • Nutritional and natural supplements that reduce swelling and inflammation • Proven methods for clearing the air you breathe of dust mites, mold, damp, and other allergens • Effective sinus hygiene, including the wonder of nasal irrigators • Exercises that can act as a decongestant • Helpful (and not-so-helpful) prescription or over-the-counter medications • The startling truth about sinus surgery • How to combine the most effective medical and natural treatments to end your sinus symptoms Although further medical research is needed to completely eradicate sinusitis, the treatments and medications described here, most without any side effects, will greatly reduce or end your sinus problems. So breathe easy. Relief is here!
Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinuses
Author: Ralph Metson
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071466444
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 225
Book Description
From a leading expert at one of the world's most respected medical schools----learn how to beat sinus infections once and for all Nobody needs to tell you how painful and annoying sinus problems can be--the pounding headaches and congestion, the perpetually runny nose, and the debilitating fatigue, not to mention sleepless nights, lost work, and ruined vacations. Now you can do something about it by learning what a top expert tells his patients. In The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinuses, Ralph B. Metson, M.D., a third-generation ear, nose, and throat specialist with more than twenty years of experience, tells you everything you need to know about taming your aching sinuses. A leading national authority in the field, Dr. Metson fills you in on: The ABCs of sinusitis, and how to identify the cause of your symptoms The entire range of treatments--from saltwater irrigation to laser surgery The pros and cons of decongestants, antibiotics, and steroids What to expect from surgery, and whether you're likely to benefit from it How to develop a total sinus management plan tailored to your needs About Harvard Medical School Health Guides Harvard Medical School guides give you the knowledge you need to understand and take control of your health. In every book, a world-renowned expert from Harvard Medical School provides you with the latest information on diagnosis, traditional and alternative treatments, home remedies, and lifestyle changes that can make a powerful difference in your health.
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071466444
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 225
Book Description
From a leading expert at one of the world's most respected medical schools----learn how to beat sinus infections once and for all Nobody needs to tell you how painful and annoying sinus problems can be--the pounding headaches and congestion, the perpetually runny nose, and the debilitating fatigue, not to mention sleepless nights, lost work, and ruined vacations. Now you can do something about it by learning what a top expert tells his patients. In The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinuses, Ralph B. Metson, M.D., a third-generation ear, nose, and throat specialist with more than twenty years of experience, tells you everything you need to know about taming your aching sinuses. A leading national authority in the field, Dr. Metson fills you in on: The ABCs of sinusitis, and how to identify the cause of your symptoms The entire range of treatments--from saltwater irrigation to laser surgery The pros and cons of decongestants, antibiotics, and steroids What to expect from surgery, and whether you're likely to benefit from it How to develop a total sinus management plan tailored to your needs About Harvard Medical School Health Guides Harvard Medical School guides give you the knowledge you need to understand and take control of your health. In every book, a world-renowned expert from Harvard Medical School provides you with the latest information on diagnosis, traditional and alternative treatments, home remedies, and lifestyle changes that can make a powerful difference in your health.
All Around the Nose
Author: Cemal Cingi
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030212173
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 896
Book Description
This book is designed to provide all the information required for a sound understanding of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses and the surgical techniques used in their management. After an opening section on basic science, clinical and radiological assessment is explained and individual chapters focus on conditions ranging from infectious diseases, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis to trauma, malignancies, and skin diseases. A wide variety of surgical techniques are then described with the aid of high-quality illustrations, covering nasal airway procedures and surgical approaches to the paranasal sinuses, including diverse endoscopic and image-guided procedures, nasal reconstruction, and endonasal and external rhinoplasty. The book is a collaborative project between the new generation of Turkish specialists and well-known experts from across the world. It will be of value for ENT doctors in all countries, as well as for students and trainees and those working in ENT-related fields such as maxillo-facial surgery, pediatrics, allergology, neurology, infectious diseases, and neurosurgery.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030212173
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 896
Book Description
This book is designed to provide all the information required for a sound understanding of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses and the surgical techniques used in their management. After an opening section on basic science, clinical and radiological assessment is explained and individual chapters focus on conditions ranging from infectious diseases, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis to trauma, malignancies, and skin diseases. A wide variety of surgical techniques are then described with the aid of high-quality illustrations, covering nasal airway procedures and surgical approaches to the paranasal sinuses, including diverse endoscopic and image-guided procedures, nasal reconstruction, and endonasal and external rhinoplasty. The book is a collaborative project between the new generation of Turkish specialists and well-known experts from across the world. It will be of value for ENT doctors in all countries, as well as for students and trainees and those working in ENT-related fields such as maxillo-facial surgery, pediatrics, allergology, neurology, infectious diseases, and neurosurgery.