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Author: Pooya Arjomandnia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Liquefied natural gas
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
[Truncated abstract] One of the major petroleum exports produced in Australia is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which is a highly processed and purified natural gas. It is stored as a cryogenic liquid at temperatures of about -162°C and pressures slightly above atmospheric. "Rollover" is one of the major issues concerning the safety and mechanical stability of storage and transportation facilities for LNG. Addition of a new LNG mixture to an existing LNG without adequate mixing can result in the formation of separate strata with different densities due to differences in temperature and composition, within the storage tank. Heat leaks through the bottom and the wall of a storage tank, cause temperature changes in the stored LNG layers. Rollover refers to the rapid mixing of stratified LNG layers due to the equalization of their mass densities over time caused by heat and mass transfer between the layers. Rollover leads to the release of an abnormal amount of vapour into the storage tank, which endangers its mechanical stability and may result in a loss of valuable product through venting, with associated environmental pollution. In this Thesis, the fundamental issues associated with rollover are reviewed, a summary of past simulations plus their limitations is given, and a new program for simulating rollover is presented. The new simulation links the software packages REFPROP 8.0 and Mathematica 7.0; the former is used to calculate the physical properties of LNG as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition, and the latter is used to solve the coupled ordinary differential equations describing the material and energy balance relations for each strata. Importantly the software REFPROP 8.0 uses the most accurate available model, the GERG-2004 Equation of State 1, to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the LNG. The model also allows different correlations and analogies to be used to calculate the coefficients of heat and mass transfer between the layers. The new model was used to simulate the La Spezia LNG rollover incident documented by Sarsten 2 in 1972. The simulation was found to be very sensitive to several parameters including those in the selected heat transfer coefficient correlation, the fraction of heat absorbed by the vapour phase, and initial temperature difference between the vapour and upper liquid layer. ... A modification of Turner's model applicable to LNG mixtures was constructed which used the Chilton Colburn analogy to define the ratio of heat to mass transfer for Rc > 5. For Rc
Author: Pooya Arjomandnia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Liquefied natural gas
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Get Book Here
Book Description
[Truncated abstract] One of the major petroleum exports produced in Australia is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which is a highly processed and purified natural gas. It is stored as a cryogenic liquid at temperatures of about -162°C and pressures slightly above atmospheric. "Rollover" is one of the major issues concerning the safety and mechanical stability of storage and transportation facilities for LNG. Addition of a new LNG mixture to an existing LNG without adequate mixing can result in the formation of separate strata with different densities due to differences in temperature and composition, within the storage tank. Heat leaks through the bottom and the wall of a storage tank, cause temperature changes in the stored LNG layers. Rollover refers to the rapid mixing of stratified LNG layers due to the equalization of their mass densities over time caused by heat and mass transfer between the layers. Rollover leads to the release of an abnormal amount of vapour into the storage tank, which endangers its mechanical stability and may result in a loss of valuable product through venting, with associated environmental pollution. In this Thesis, the fundamental issues associated with rollover are reviewed, a summary of past simulations plus their limitations is given, and a new program for simulating rollover is presented. The new simulation links the software packages REFPROP 8.0 and Mathematica 7.0; the former is used to calculate the physical properties of LNG as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition, and the latter is used to solve the coupled ordinary differential equations describing the material and energy balance relations for each strata. Importantly the software REFPROP 8.0 uses the most accurate available model, the GERG-2004 Equation of State 1, to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the LNG. The model also allows different correlations and analogies to be used to calculate the coefficients of heat and mass transfer between the layers. The new model was used to simulate the La Spezia LNG rollover incident documented by Sarsten 2 in 1972. The simulation was found to be very sensitive to several parameters including those in the selected heat transfer coefficient correlation, the fraction of heat absorbed by the vapour phase, and initial temperature difference between the vapour and upper liquid layer. ... A modification of Turner's model applicable to LNG mixtures was constructed which used the Chilton Colburn analogy to define the ratio of heat to mass transfer for Rc > 5. For Rc
Author: Janet Heestand
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Author: Ralph G. Scurlock
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319206966
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 147
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Book Description
This short, practical book offers advice on the safe storage, handling and transportation of liquid natural gas (LNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and other cryogenic fluid mixtures. It begins with a review of the physical properties of LNG and LPG, and a brief overview of basic handling and storage methods. The chapters that follow address more in-depth topics such as heat flows in LNG and LPG storage systems, insulation techniques and surface evaporation phenomena. Two chapters are then devoted to the specific sequence of problems caused by stratification and rollover, and the techniques used to manage and alleviate these issues. The book then considers the use of vacuum insulated tanks for the storage of pressurised LNG, and the effective transfer of liquids avoiding 2-phase flow. It concludes with a summary of safe storage and handling protocols, and addresses the specific health issues encountered when dealing with cryogenic liquid mixtures. Throughout the book the author presents real-life case studies to illustrate the situation being discussed. Written in a practical style, it will prove an invaluable companion to anyone working with LNG, LPG or other cryogenic liquid mixtures.
Author: David Wood
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0443134197
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas, the latest release in The Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering series, delivers many of the technical fundamentals needed in the natural gas industry with an additional sustainability lens. Introductory topics include liquefication and separation technology. Advanced applications include improving operational efficiency for carriers and cargo shipping schedules, exploiting cold energy for regasification operations, and an outlook on ways to further reduce emissions. Supported by corporate and academic contributors along with two well-distinguished editors, Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas provides today’s natural gas engineers the knowledge to adjust liquefied natural gas operations in a more environmentally sustainable way. Provides case studies and visuals to illustrate how new principles can be applied in practical situations Presents innovative advances that are leading to improved environmental performance Bridges theory and applications with methods and examples from worldwide contributors in academia and industry
Author: Koji Koyamada
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 4431490221
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 472
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Book Description
The Asia Simulation Conference 2006 (JSST 2006) was aimed at exploring challenges in methodologies for modeling, control and computation in simu lation, and their applications in social, economic, and financial fields as well as established scientific and engineering solutions. The conference was held in Tokyo from October 30 to November 1, 2006, and included keynote speeches presented by technology and industry leaders, technical sessions, organized sessions, poster sessions, and vendor exhibits. It was the seventh annual inter national conference on system simulation and scientific computing, which is organized by the Japan Society for Simulation Technology (JSST), the Chi nese Association for System Simulation (CASS), and the Korea Society for Simulation (KSS). For the conference, all submitted papers were refereed by the international technical program committee, each paper receiving at least two independent reviews. After careful reviews by the committee, 65 papers from 143 submis sions were selected for oral presentation. This volume includes the keynote speakers' papers along with the papers presented at the oral sessions and the organized sessions. As a result, we are publishing 87 papers for the conference in this volume. In addition to the scientific tracts presented, the conference featured keynote presentations by five invited speakers. We are grateful to them for accepting our invitation and for their presentations. We also would like to express our gratitude to all contributors, reviewers, technical program conmiittee members, and organizing committee members who made the conference very successful.
Author: Olivier Marcel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
In order to improve safety and to optimize tank operations, Gas de France conducted theoretical and experimental studies on forced and natural LNG mixtures. The studies involved: - developing two models for predicting the rollover phenomenon, in co-operation with a CNRS laboratory; one model is intended for operators, the other for scientists; both were validated on the basis of natural variations in LNG stratification investigated in a 500 cublic meter tank, - monitoring the ageing of an homogeneous LNG batch and partial evolution of a stratified LNG stored in a 120,000 cubic meter tank, - carrying out stirring tests in a 500 cubic meter LNG tank, the resultsof which showed gaps in the theory. The aggregate results obtained in these studies help deepen theoretical and practical understanding of LNG mixtures, and can be used to plan new developments for the operating of LNG storage tanks. [Authors' abstract].
Author: D. Dobrotă
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 1643682237
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 764
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Book Description
The need for green technologies and solutions which will deliver the energy requirements of both the developed and developing world to support sustainability and protect the environment worldwide has never been more urgent. This book contains the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (GEESD2021) which, due to the COVID-19 pandemic around the world and with the strict travel restrictions in China, was held as a hybrid conference (both physically and online via Zoom) in Shanghai, China on 26 and 27 June 2021. It provided an opportunity to bring together an international community of leading scientists, researchers, engineers and academics, as well as industrial professionals, to exchange and share their experiences and research results in the energy, environment and sustainable development sector. In total, 80 participants were able to exchange knowledge and discuss the latest developments in the field. GEESD2021 attracted more than 250 submissions, 88 of which were accepted after an extensive period of peer review by more than 100 reviewers and members of the program committee. These are included here, grouped into 3 sections, with 28 papers on sustainable energy; 34 on ecology; and 26 papers covering environmental pollution and protection. Offering an overview of the most up-to-date findings and technologies in the field of sustainable energy and environmental protection, the book will be of interest to all those working in this field.
Author: Koji Koyamada
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9784431490210
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 457
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Book Description
The Asia Simulation Conference 2006 (JSST 2006) was aimed at exploring challenges in methodologies for modeling, control and computation in simu lation, and their applications in social, economic, and financial fields as well as established scientific and engineering solutions. The conference was held in Tokyo from October 30 to November 1, 2006, and included keynote speeches presented by technology and industry leaders, technical sessions, organized sessions, poster sessions, and vendor exhibits. It was the seventh annual inter national conference on system simulation and scientific computing, which is organized by the Japan Society for Simulation Technology (JSST), the Chi nese Association for System Simulation (CASS), and the Korea Society for Simulation (KSS). For the conference, all submitted papers were refereed by the international technical program committee, each paper receiving at least two independent reviews. After careful reviews by the committee, 65 papers from 143 submis sions were selected for oral presentation. This volume includes the keynote speakers' papers along with the papers presented at the oral sessions and the organized sessions. As a result, we are publishing 87 papers for the conference in this volume. In addition to the scientific tracts presented, the conference featured keynote presentations by five invited speakers. We are grateful to them for accepting our invitation and for their presentations. We also would like to express our gratitude to all contributors, reviewers, technical program conmiittee members, and organizing committee members who made the conference very successful.
Author: Béla G. Lipták
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315353253
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 3643
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Book Description
The Instrument and Automation Engineers’ Handbook (IAEH) is the #1 process automation handbook in the world. Volume one of the Fifth Edition, Measurement and Safety, covers safety sensors and the detectors of physical properties. Measurement and Safety is an invaluable resource that: Describes the detectors used in the measurement of process variables Offers application- and method-specific guidance for choosing the best measurement device Provides tables of detector capabilities and other practical information at a glance Contains detailed descriptions of domestic and overseas products, their features, capabilities, and suppliers, including suppliers’ web addresses Complete with 163 alphabetized chapters and a thorough index for quick access to specific information, Measurement and Safety is a must-have reference for instrument and automation engineers working in the chemical, oil/gas, pharmaceutical, pollution, energy, plastics, paper, wastewater, food, etc. industries. About the eBook The most important new feature of the IAEH, Fifth Edition is its availability as an eBook. The eBook provides the same content as the print edition, with the addition of thousands of web addresses so that readers can reach suppliers or reference books and articles on the hundreds of topics covered in the handbook. This feature includes a complete bidders' list that allows readers to issue their specifications for competitive bids from any or all potential product suppliers.
Author: Thomas D. Bostock
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030106411
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
The revised second edition of this practical book reviews the fundamentals of cryogenic liquid behaviour in small and large scale storage systems. The text is based on research findings on the convective and evaporative behaviour of cryogenic fluids, aimed at improving the design, construction and operation of low-loss cryogenic liquid storage systems, with a view to minimising cost and improving operational safety. Since the first edition was published in 2006, the breadth of cryogenic applications and the modelling of cryogenic fluid dynamics (CFD) have expanded in several directions. In this second edition, most chapters have been extended to introduce discussions of these new applications and their safety and energy economy. These include advances in the modelling of CFD required in, for example, the design of miniature cryocoolers and condensers and reboilers, large-scale cryogenic liquid mixture properties and their stability, and the understanding that hazards and safety problems in the public domain increase with the scaling up of cryogenic systems. With helpful summaries at the end of each chapter, the book is an essential reference for anyone working on the design and operation of cryogenic liquid storage and transportation systems.
