Seed Dormancy in Domesticated and Wild Sunflowers (Helianthus Annuus L.) PDF Download
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Author: Robert L. Brunick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sunflowers
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
Elite inbred sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines were found to have short-lived embryo and seed covering dormancies. Seed dormancy of wild sunflowers (H. annuus, H. argophyllus and H. exilis) was found to be controlled primarily by the seed covering (seed coat and pericarp) and embryo dormancy was short-lived (four to eight weeks). Native American Landraces (NALs) had low to moderate embryo and seed covering dormancy, which was more similar to elite lines. The seed covering in the NALs contributed more to seed dormancy than did the seed covering in the elite lines. The seed coat itself was implicated in seed dormancy and the length of dormancy caused by the seed coat varied by accession and variety. Excising 1/4 of the seed, rather than removing the entire seed covering, increased germination but also increased the number of seed that decayed. Dormancy of embryos from 19 wild sunflower accessions ranging in south to north latitude from Texas to Saskatchewan, Canada was found to be highly variable; however seed covering dormancy was similar among all the wild accessions in the northern latitudes. Germination of accessions in the most southern latitudes was greater (P
Author: Robert L. Brunick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sunflowers
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
Elite inbred sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines were found to have short-lived embryo and seed covering dormancies. Seed dormancy of wild sunflowers (H. annuus, H. argophyllus and H. exilis) was found to be controlled primarily by the seed covering (seed coat and pericarp) and embryo dormancy was short-lived (four to eight weeks). Native American Landraces (NALs) had low to moderate embryo and seed covering dormancy, which was more similar to elite lines. The seed covering in the NALs contributed more to seed dormancy than did the seed covering in the elite lines. The seed coat itself was implicated in seed dormancy and the length of dormancy caused by the seed coat varied by accession and variety. Excising 1/4 of the seed, rather than removing the entire seed covering, increased germination but also increased the number of seed that decayed. Dormancy of embryos from 19 wild sunflower accessions ranging in south to north latitude from Texas to Saskatchewan, Canada was found to be highly variable; however seed covering dormancy was similar among all the wild accessions in the northern latitudes. Germination of accessions in the most southern latitudes was greater (P
Author: Alexa Weiss
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 35
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Book Description
Abstract: Gene flow from agricultural crops into related wild plant populations can produce viable hybrid offspring with characteristics that differ significantly from those of their wild counterparts. Such crop-wild gene flow, especially in situations involving transgenic crops, has raised concerns about potential losses of genetic diversity, or increases in invasiveness, of wild relatives. The annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an ideal species for studying crop-wild gene flow, the subsequent hybrid generations produced, and the effects on wild populations because the crop and wild types are often found in close proximity, are cross compatible, share pollinators, and are differentiated for important traits that may affect fitness, such as seed dormancy. Outside of cultivation, seeds that germinate in the fall are killed by the winter frost before reproducing, which has lead to the evolution of dormancy in wild populations; their seeds must experience a cold period before germinating in the spring. By contrast, cultivated varieties have been artificially selected to germinate immediately under favorable conditions. Consequently, the degree to which crop-wild hybrids germinate under fall conditions affects the extent to which crop genes may persist in, or introgress into, wild populations. Furthermore, the germination and dormancy characteristics of sunflower seeds, in particular, are due, in part, to the structural characteristics of their achenes (i.e., seeds and hulls). Most of these structures are maternally inherited while the genetics of the embryo involve contributions from both parents. This project determined the rates of germination and dormancy of fifteen crop-wild hybrid sunflower cross types and used microscopy to explore achene characteristics that could influence the differential germination we observed. Maternal effects (e.g., seed covering structures) had significant impacts on germination and dormancy, with crop-produced achenes germinating most readily, followed by those produced on F1 maternal plants, followed by those produced on wild plants. 3 The proportion of crop alleles (i.e., nuclear genetics of the embryo) was also important. There was a significant, positive relationship between the proportion of crop alleles and germination in the wild and F1 produced seeds. Microscopy revealed that maternal parent significantly affected achene size, embryo size, and relationships between structures and the micropylar (i.e., pointed) end of the achene. Crop produced achenes were largest and had minimal structural barriers to radicle (i.e, embryonic root) extension. F1 produced achenes were larger and had more substantial barriers which broke down quickly. Wild produced achenes were smallest and had the greatest barriers to radicle extension. Although they differed in size, structural characteristics, and germination rate, seeds produced on crop, F1, and wild maternal parents underwent the same general processes of leading up to germination. These findings suggest that crop alleles and the maternal effects associated with crop-wild hybridization can reduce dormancy, but that this reduction in dormancy may not be significant enough to prevent the introgression of crop alleles into wild populations.
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Author: K. S. Krishna Murty
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Author: Enrique Martínez-Force
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1630670626
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 731
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Book Description
This comprehensive reference delivers key information on all aspects of sunflower. With over 20 chapters, this book provides an extensive review of the latest developments in sunflower genetics, breeding, processing, quality, and utilization; including food, energy and industrial bioproduct applications. World-renowned experts in this field review U.S. and international practices, production, and processing aspects of sunflower. - Presents seven chapters on improving sunflower production with insights on breeding and genetics; physiology and agronomy; common insect and bird pests; mutagenesis; and identifying and preventing diseases. - Summarizes current knowledge of sunflower oil uses in food, oxididative stability, minor constituents, and lipids biosynthesis. - Ideal reference for scientists, researchers, and students from across industry, academia, and government.
Author: RADHA M. R
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Author: Brent LaVerne Reschly
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), is currently the second most important source of vegetable oil in the world. Seed dormancy in sunflowers poses a risk for off-season seed production in South America. Seed companies must hold the seed lots from sale until they meet minimum germination specifications and will not pose a risk for the customer. This investigation was undertaken to examine the differences in dormancy between SF270, a traditional oil sunflower hybrid, and X8927 a mid oleic sunflower hybrid. Seed was grown in Texas in 1999 and 2000. Samples were divided between three storage temperatures, constant 10°C, constant 14°C, and ambient room temperature and tested two times per month. The standard warm germination test, alternating 20-30°C warm germination test, and the ethrel warm germination test were used to evaluate germination and develop a dormancy profile for each genotype. A mathematical model was developed to calculate the average number of days to a specific germination value based on the laboratory germination data. The genotype SF270 broke dormancy soon after harvest, often before initial laboratory germination analysis could be completed. Genotype X8297 took longer to break dormancy than the traditional oil genotype. Both genotypes broke dormancy in a consistent pattern across the two production years. Storage of seed at constant 10°C, and constant 14°C prolonged the dormancy in both genotypes but, was more pronounced in the X8927 genotype. Storage at ambient room temperature had the most significant effect on breaking dormancy in the two genotypes. Of the three germination tests, the ethrel warm germination test was the best predictor of laboratory germination. Although these two genotypes cannot be considered representative of all genotypes, this study produced two very useful tools for seed producers. The model to calculate the average number of days after harvest to reach the target 85% germination goal, and the depth of dormancy or longevity of dormancy for a particular genotype. These tools can be used as a risk assessment tool to plan seed production placement, shipping, and anticipate product release.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
Morphological differences between high and low yielding hybrids of sunflower; A study of the morphological characters of sunflower achenes in relation to their emergence under adverse conditions; The effects of ethephon on dormant seeds of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); Pathways of yields elaboration in sunflower under various water stresses; The behaviour of some sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.) under various flooding regimes; Tolerance of sunflower hybrids to competition among plants; Growth analysis irrigated sunflower at two plant populations; Estimation of leaf area on sunflower plants; Photosynthesis in sunflower leaves: RUBP carboxylates properties activities and quantitative determination; Effects of defoliation during seed filling of sunflower plants; Evolution for biosynthesis during the cycle of development of sunflower, and assimilates partition among organs and constituents; The sunflower roots activity in the field; Effect of daylength in the time of inflorescence initiation and rate of post-initiation development in two early sunflower cultivars; Yield and harvest index of sunflower cultivars: influence of duration and water stress; Determination of physiological nad harvest maturity in sunflower; Effect of physiological maturation on quantitative characters of sunflower varieties and hybrids; Growth and development of sunflower in a semi-arid environment; Determination of regional strategies for sunflower production; Effect of early spring planting of sunflower on yield in Iraq; Oil content oi oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuu L.) hybrids grown in Texas, USA; Effect of the planting date of sunflowers on the agronomic characteristics and on the quantity and quality of oil; A technique for selecting sunflower genotypes with temperature-stable linoleic acid synthesis; Water requirement of sunflower in a semi-arid environment; Effect of irrigation on water use pattern in sunflower root zone; Influence of plant population on phasic development, growth, yield and water use of irrigated sunflower in a semi-arid environment; The response of sunflower to strategies of irrigation; Salinity and sunflower agronomy in Egypt; Effect of sodium chloride on the lipid composition of sunflower oil; Nitrogen nutrition of sunflower with special reference to nitrogen stress; Effect of nutritional and cultural treatments on seed production on winter grown sunflower; The response of irrigated sunflower cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer; Studies of the uptake of soil and fertilizer nitrogen by sunflower using 15-N techniques; Interactions between moisture supply, N and P, in the performance of an open-pollinated and a hybrid sunflower variety in a semi-arid environment; Differential response to two sunflower cultivars to boron fertilization; Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization levels on the yield and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); Pollination studies in hybrid sunflower seed production; Sunflower hollow seededness and nitrogen fertilization in relation to harvest time; Effect of achene (seed) size on subsequent growth and development of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); Behaviour of NS sunflower hybrids harvested at different seed moistures; Evaluation of losses in the harvesting of sunflower; Maturity and seed quality in sunflower: physiobiochemical assessment through accelerated ageing; Irrigated sunflower production from the red-brown soils of Northern Victoria; Irrigated sunflower in the Ord River Valley; Potential for pest management in sunflowers in Australia; Insect and mite pests of Queensland sunflowers; Seasonal abundance of the Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor) on sunflowers and weeds in N.E. Victoria; Effect of moisture stress on damage to sunflowers by Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor); Sunflower seed yield as influenced by pollination and insect pests; Effect6 of maldison (malathion) ULV) on sunfloer insects; Phytomelanin: development and role in hybrid resistance of Homoeosoma electellum larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae); The control of alternaria blight of sunflowers in Eastern Australia; Some factors affecting the incidence and importance of sunflower rust in Australia; Investigations into increased rust (Puccinia helianthi) intensity on some hybrid sunflower cultivars grown in Queensland; Occurrence of sunflower diseases in Portugal in the last four years (1978 - 1981); White blister and petiole blight of sunflowers caused by Albugo tragopogonis; Stemphylium sp. the agent of reddish-brown spot on sunflowers stem; Further studies on the sunflower disease caused by Diaporthe (Phomopsis) helianthi and possibilities of breeding for resistance; A leaf spot disease of sunflower caused by Septoria sp.; The distribution, and incidence of charcoal rot of sunflower in Eastern Australia; Effect os stand density on the occurrence of charcoal rot and oil yield of some sunflower hybrids; Methods of studying the reaction of some cultivars and wild species of sunflower to infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary; Field inoculation of sunflower for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum basal stalk rot and virulence of isolates from various hosts; Coniothyrium minitans as a treatment for sclerotinia wilt of sunflowers; The use of high frequency microwaves on sclerotia to control inoculum of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbest assay (Elisa) for the detection of downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) in sunflower; Resistance to a new race of sunflower downy mildew; A new race of Verticillium dahliae; Models for potential status of infection: some aspects of the functioning of the climate x plant x pest system; Models for potential status of infection: application to sunflower-botrytis; A model for the development of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in sunflower heads; Losses caused in sunflowers by birds in Hungary; Pest status of parrot species on sunflowers in northern N.S.W.; An innovation in the control of galahs, Cacatua roseicapilla, and sulphur-crested cockatoos, Cacatua galerita, in sunflower; The economics of chemical dessication and mechanical drying as methods of reducing bird damage in sunflower; Very early combine harvesting of sunflower to avoid bird depredation; Allelopathic activity of cultivated sunflowers; Post-emergence weed control in sunflower; Information concerning the effect of cultivation as a complement for weed control; Utilization of wild Helianthus annuus in germplasm development; Cluster analysis of wild Helianthus annuus accessions; Variability on oil content in seed pf Helianthus spp.; Variation in oil and quality of wild annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) populations in a uniform environment; Variability in the composition of higher fatty acids in oil of sunflower inbreds with different oil contents in seed; Variability in protein and amino acid contents in different sunflower inbreds; Investigations into seedset in sunflowers; Effect of isolation bags on seedset in sunflowers; Effect of stigmatic manipulation of pollination and seedset in sunflowers; The inheritance of drought tolerance in sunflower; Inheritance of plant height and leaf number in diallel crossing of sunflower inbreds; Inheritance of trichome characteristics in sunflower, Helianthus spp.; Genetic implications in transfering fertility restorer genes to a new genetic background in sunflower Helianthus annuus L.); Correlations for important agronomic characters between parent lines and F1 hybrids of sunflower; Relationships among traits of inbreds and hybrids of sunflower; Maternal and embryo effects on the oleic and linoleic acid contents of sunflower oil; Maternal and paternal effects on the oil content of cypsela in F1 seed; Genetic effect of days to flowering in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under short day regimes; Epistatic gene action in sunflower - a caution to sunflower geneticists and breeders; Use of multivariate techniques in a breeding programme to assit selection of sunflower inbreds and hybrids; Stratified masal selection on sunflower as breeding method for synthetic varieties for forage or grain; Selection of sunflower plants containing high linoleic acid and its agronomic significance; Selection in sunflowers for resistance to Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor); Chemically induced mutations in sunflower; Genetic advances by mass selection in the oil percentage of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); Performance of early maturing hybrids in Manitoba, Canada; Sunflower variety evaluation, Coonabarabran, NSW, Australia; Evaluation of sunflower hybrids in international trial plantings; Plant breeder's rights and varieties registration in France; An objective description of sunflower for varietal registration, plant variety protection and other purposes; Oil quality analyser; TBHQ in sunflower oil; Utilization of sunflower oil in making plastic fat products for edible uses by miscella interesterification process; Plant oils as a fuel for diesel engines: experiences with sunflower oil; Energy farming update: the bio-oil option?; Lysine availabity in sunflower meals for pigs and chiks; What will the market place expect from sunflower?.
Author: Annaliese S. Mason
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315352265
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 337
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Book Description
Many of our current agricultural crops are natural or agricultural hybrids (between two or more species), or polyploids (containing more than one genome or set of chromosomes). These include potato, oats, cotton, oilseed rape, wheat, strawberries, kiwifruit, banana, seedless watermelon, triticale and many others. Polyploidy and hybridization can also be used for crop improvement: for example, to introgress disease resistance from wild species into crops, to produce seedless fruits for human consumption, or even to create entirely new crop types. Some crop genera have hundreds of years of interspecific hybridization and ploidy manipulation behind them, while in other genera use of these evolutionary processes for crop improvement is still at the theoretical stage. This book brings together stories and examples by expert researchers and breeders working in diverse crop genera, and details how polyploidy and hybridization processes have shaped our current crops, how these processes have been utilized for crop improvement in the past, and how polyploidy and interspecific hybridization can be used for crop improvement in the future.
Author: Juan Ignacio Arribas
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781631173479
Category : Sunflowers
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book presents a broad number of recent discoveries, advances and important results concerning sunflower (Helianthus annus) crops and its related fields, with emphasis on the detailed study of several diseases and pests that can affect sunflowers (production, water resources needed, economy impact) in different regions of the globe, including Russia, both North and South America, Africa, India and Europe. We are all well aware of the increasing importance, as well as the economic impact that these plants have reached in recent years, not only in the food industry but also in the western energy market, with the increasing use of sunflower oil as a natural energy resource for biodiesel and biofuel. Apart from the interesting recent advances, results and conclusions presented in every chapter, plenty of visual and graphical content comprised of tables, charts, graphs, pictures and high quality detailed photographs and images showing different issues and problems regarding sunflower crops are also included. The manuscript chapters have been authored by experts in the field and in addition all of them underwent a stringent peer review process by expert reviewers to assure a high final scientific quality.
Author: P. Bhaskara Rao
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
