Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized-bed Combustion (PFBC) Research and Development, Phase 2 - Task 4, Carbonizer Testing. Volume 2, Data Reconciliation PDF Download
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Languages : en
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Languages : en
Pages : 334
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During the period beginning November 1991 and ending September 1992, a series of tests were conducted at Foster Wheeler Development Corporation in a fluidized-bed coal carbonizer to determine its performance characteristics. The carbonizer was operated for 533 hours in a jetting fluidized-bed configuration during which 36 set points (steady-state periods) were achieved. Extensive data were collected on the feed and product stream compositions, heating values, temperatures, and flow rates. With these data, elemental and energy balances were computed to evaluate and confirm accuracy of the data. The carbonizer data were not as self-consistent as could be desired (balance closure imperfection). A software package developed by Science Ventures, Inc., of California, called BALAID, was used to reconcile the carbonizer data; the details of the reconciliation have been given in Volume 1 of this report. The reconciled data for the carbonizer were rigorously analyzed, correlations were developed, and the model was updated accordingly. The model was then used in simulating each of the 36 steady-state periods achieved in the pilot plant. The details are given in this Volume of the report.
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Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 632
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Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 792
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When DOE funds were exhausted in March 1995, all Phase 2 activities were placed on hold. In February 1996 a detailed cost estimate was submitted to the DOE for completing the two remaining Phase 2 Multi Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) topping combustor test campaigns; in August 1996 release was received from FETC to proceed with the two campaigns to: (1) test the MASB at proposed demonstration plant full to minimum load operating conditions; (2) identify the lower oxygen limit of the MASB; (3) demonstrate natural gas to carbonizer fuel gas switching; and (4) demonstrate operation with ''low temperature'' compressor discharge air rather than high temperature ((almost equal to) 1600 F) vitiated air. The 18 in. MASB was last tested at the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI) in a high-oxygen configuration and must be redesigned/modified for low oxygen operation. A second-generation PFB combustion plant incorporating an MASB based topping combustor has been proposed for construction at the City of Lakeland's McIntosh Power Plant under the U.S. DOE Clean Coal V Demonstration Plant Program. This plant will require the MASB to operate at oxygen levels that are lower than those previously tested. Preliminary calculations aimed at defining the operating envelope of the demonstration plant MASB have been completed. The previous MASB tests have been performed at UTSI in a facility constructed to support the development of MHD power generation. Because of a loss of MHD funding, the UTSI facility closed October 1998. On February 2, 1999, Siemens Westinghouse proposed a 12-week study that would identify the cost of modifying the MASB for Lakeland low oxygen operation conditions and conducting tests 3 and 4 above at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC). On February 22, 1999, Siemens Westinghouse was given release to proceed with this study and results/recommendations were received on April 22, 1999. Siemens Westinghouse recommended a two-phase test effort. The first test effort would entail two 6-hour tests beginning November 1999 with the MASB operated with natural gas and ''cold'' compressor air. The MASB would be tested at full Lakeland pressure using the physical configuration planned for operation at lower pressure at Wilsonville in September 1999. As a result, the MASB test specimen would be a totally new unit (not a modification of a previously UTSI tested unit). The MASB would be installed in an existing AEDC test shell as shown in Fig. 1. Although the internals currently installed within the shell would have to be removed and reinstalled at the completion of the first test phase, no major facility modifications external to the shell are needed; this first test effort was estimated to cost $1.2 million. Although the second test effort was not the subject of this initial study, Siemens Westinghouse envisioned it being conducted in another AEDC test cell that is currently mothballed. The facility has been well preserved and it would be modified to permit syngas testing with both cold and hot vitiated air; these tests would not be conducted until the fall 2000 and were estimated to cost $3.2 million. Written questions were submitted to Siemens Westinghouse regarding their proposed test programs; their responses and cost estimates were transmitted to FETC on April 30, 1999. Review of the proposed programs by FETC revealed that they exceeded existing funding limits, and all further Phase 2 work was put on hold until additional funding becomes available.
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The focus of this work on pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) is the development of sorbents for in-bed alkali control. The goal is to generate fundamental process information for development of a second-generation PFBC. Immediate objectives focus on the performance of sulfur sorbents, fate of alkali, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) heavy metals. The studies reported here focus on emission control strategies applied in the bed. Data from shakedown testing, alkali sampling, sulfur sorbent performance tests, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and lignite combustion tests are presented in detail. Initial results from the characterization of alkali gettering indicate that in-bed getters can remove a significant amount of alkali from the bed. Using kaolin as a sorbent, sodium levels in the flue gas were reduced from 3.6 ppm to less than 0.22 ppm. Sulfur was also reduced by 60% using the kaolin sorbent. Preliminary sulfur sorbent testing, which was designed to develop a reliable technique to predice sorbent performance, indicate that although the total sulfur capture is significantly lower than that observed in a full-scale PFBC, the emission trends are similar. RDF and RDF-lignite fuels had combustion efficiencies exceeding 99.0% in all test cases. Sulfur dioxide emission was significantly lower for the RDF fuels than for lignite fuel alone. Nitrogen oxide emission was also lower for the RDF-based fuels than for the lignite fuel. Both emission gases were well below current regulatory limits. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions appeared to be slightly higher for the fuels containing RDF, but were below 9 ppm for the worst case. Analysis of volatile organic compound emission does not indicate an emission problem for these fuels. Chromium appears to be the only RCRA metal that might present some disposal problem; however, processing of the RDF with the wet resource recovery method should reduce chromium levels. 2 refs., 13 figs., 15 tabs.
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Languages : en
Pages : 6
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When DOE funds were exhausted in March 1995, all Phase 2 activities were placed on hold. In February 1996 a detailed cost estimate was submitted to the DOE for completing the two remaining Phase 2 Multi Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) topping combustor test campaigns; in August 1996 release was received from FETC to proceed with the two campaigns to: (1) test the MASB at proposed demonstration plant full to minimum load operating conditions; (2) identify the lower oxygen limit of the MASB; (3) demonstrate natural gas to carbonizer fuel gas switching; and (4) demonstrate operation with ''low temperature'' compressor discharge air rather than high temperature ((almost equal to)1600 F) vitiated air.
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The feasibility of using fluidized-bed combustors in power and steam plants is being evaluated. The concept involves burning fuels such as coal in a fluidized bed of either a naturally occurring, calcium-containing limestone or dolomite or in a synthetically prepared calcium-containing stone. The calcium oxide in the stone reacts with the sulfur released during combustion to form calcium sulfate, which remains in the bed, thus decreasing the level of SO/sub 2/ in the flue gas. Levels of NO/sub x/ in the flue gas are also low. The effect of operating variables and type of stone on the levels of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ is being determined. Behavior of trace elements during combustion has been preliminarily evaluated. The properties of a fluidized bed at minimum fluidization at different temperatures and pressures have been determined. The CaSO/sub 4/ produced in the combustion process is regenerated to CaO for reuse in the combustor by reductive decomposition at 1095/sup 0/C (2000/sup 0/F). The effects of operating variables on sulfur release during regeneration are being evaluated. Another regeneration process, solid-solid reaction of CaSO/sub 4/ with CaS, is also being investigated. Fundamental investigations of the kinetics of sulfation and regeneration reactions for the natural and synthetic stones are continuing. A model for the sulfation reaction is presented. The status of the new combustor andancillary regenerator equipment is discussed. (auth).
