Author: Cornelia Haas
Publisher: Sefa Verlag
ISBN: 3739961511
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : ja
Pages : 106
Book Description
Lovingly illustrated bedtime story in two languages (English and Japanese) for children from 2-3 years. Accompanied by online audiobooks and videos in English (British as well as American) and Japanese. Lulu can't fall asleep. All her cuddly toys are dreaming already – the shark, the elephant, the little mouse, the dragon, the kangaroo, and the lion cub. Even the bear has trouble keeping his eyes open ... Hey bear, will you take me along into your dream? Thus begins a journey for Lulu that leads her through the dreams of her cuddly toys – and finally to her own most beautiful dream. ♫ Listen to the story read by native speakers! Within the book you'll find a link that gives you free access to audiobooks and videos in both languages. ► For Students of Japanese: We use a set of simple Kanji in the Japanese text of the book, beside Hiragana and Katakana. For beginners these Kanji are transcribed with Hiragana characters. Example: 見(み). In the appendix you will find the entire text of the book using the complete Kanji character set, as well as a latin transcription (Romaji) and a table of Hiragana and Katakana. Have fun with this wonderful language! ► With printable coloring pages! A download link in the book gives you free access to the pictures from the story to color in. バイリンガルの児童書 (英語 – 日本語), オンラインでオーディオとビデオを使って ルルは、ねむれません。ほかの ぬいぐるみたちは、みんなもう夢を見ています。サメやぞう、小ネズミ、ドラゴン、カンガルー、赤ちゃんライオン。くまの目ももうとじかかっています。 くまさん、夢の中へつれてってくれるの? そうして、ぬいぐるみたちの夢をめぐるたびは、はじまりました。――そしてさいごは、ルルのとびっきりすてきな夢の中へ。 ♫ 母語話者にお話を朗読してもらおう!書籍に表示されているリンクから、二言語のMP3ファイルを無料でダウンロードできます。 ► ぬり絵を、しましょう。このお話のぬり絵を、このリンクからダウンロードしましょう。
My Most Beautiful Dream – わたしの とびっきり すてきな ゆめ (English – Japanese)
Author: Cornelia Haas
Publisher: Sefa Verlag
ISBN: 3739961511
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : ja
Pages : 106
Book Description
Lovingly illustrated bedtime story in two languages (English and Japanese) for children from 2-3 years. Accompanied by online audiobooks and videos in English (British as well as American) and Japanese. Lulu can't fall asleep. All her cuddly toys are dreaming already – the shark, the elephant, the little mouse, the dragon, the kangaroo, and the lion cub. Even the bear has trouble keeping his eyes open ... Hey bear, will you take me along into your dream? Thus begins a journey for Lulu that leads her through the dreams of her cuddly toys – and finally to her own most beautiful dream. ♫ Listen to the story read by native speakers! Within the book you'll find a link that gives you free access to audiobooks and videos in both languages. ► For Students of Japanese: We use a set of simple Kanji in the Japanese text of the book, beside Hiragana and Katakana. For beginners these Kanji are transcribed with Hiragana characters. Example: 見(み). In the appendix you will find the entire text of the book using the complete Kanji character set, as well as a latin transcription (Romaji) and a table of Hiragana and Katakana. Have fun with this wonderful language! ► With printable coloring pages! A download link in the book gives you free access to the pictures from the story to color in. バイリンガルの児童書 (英語 – 日本語), オンラインでオーディオとビデオを使って ルルは、ねむれません。ほかの ぬいぐるみたちは、みんなもう夢を見ています。サメやぞう、小ネズミ、ドラゴン、カンガルー、赤ちゃんライオン。くまの目ももうとじかかっています。 くまさん、夢の中へつれてってくれるの? そうして、ぬいぐるみたちの夢をめぐるたびは、はじまりました。――そしてさいごは、ルルのとびっきりすてきな夢の中へ。 ♫ 母語話者にお話を朗読してもらおう!書籍に表示されているリンクから、二言語のMP3ファイルを無料でダウンロードできます。 ► ぬり絵を、しましょう。このお話のぬり絵を、このリンクからダウンロードしましょう。
Publisher: Sefa Verlag
ISBN: 3739961511
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : ja
Pages : 106
Book Description
Lovingly illustrated bedtime story in two languages (English and Japanese) for children from 2-3 years. Accompanied by online audiobooks and videos in English (British as well as American) and Japanese. Lulu can't fall asleep. All her cuddly toys are dreaming already – the shark, the elephant, the little mouse, the dragon, the kangaroo, and the lion cub. Even the bear has trouble keeping his eyes open ... Hey bear, will you take me along into your dream? Thus begins a journey for Lulu that leads her through the dreams of her cuddly toys – and finally to her own most beautiful dream. ♫ Listen to the story read by native speakers! Within the book you'll find a link that gives you free access to audiobooks and videos in both languages. ► For Students of Japanese: We use a set of simple Kanji in the Japanese text of the book, beside Hiragana and Katakana. For beginners these Kanji are transcribed with Hiragana characters. Example: 見(み). In the appendix you will find the entire text of the book using the complete Kanji character set, as well as a latin transcription (Romaji) and a table of Hiragana and Katakana. Have fun with this wonderful language! ► With printable coloring pages! A download link in the book gives you free access to the pictures from the story to color in. バイリンガルの児童書 (英語 – 日本語), オンラインでオーディオとビデオを使って ルルは、ねむれません。ほかの ぬいぐるみたちは、みんなもう夢を見ています。サメやぞう、小ネズミ、ドラゴン、カンガルー、赤ちゃんライオン。くまの目ももうとじかかっています。 くまさん、夢の中へつれてってくれるの? そうして、ぬいぐるみたちの夢をめぐるたびは、はじまりました。――そしてさいごは、ルルのとびっきりすてきな夢の中へ。 ♫ 母語話者にお話を朗読してもらおう!書籍に表示されているリンクから、二言語のMP3ファイルを無料でダウンロードできます。 ► ぬり絵を、しましょう。このお話のぬり絵を、このリンクからダウンロードしましょう。
Master the Thai Alphabet, a Handwriting Practice Workbook
Author: Lang Workbooks
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781679065699
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Do you want to perfect your Thai handwriting? Do you need a trustworthy resource to teach your small children to trace the Thai alphabet? Then this workbook is the perfect companion for your studies. In it, you'll find all the Thai consonants and vowels, including the both the Traditional and the Modern versions of each letter. Your benefits: Clear large letters make it easy to recognize even the most detailed of the Thai characters and diacritics. Detailed stroke order instructions provide you with a strong foundation to build your skills in both the traditional and the modern writing styles. Dedicated "Trace and Learn" sections are designed to imprint proper stroke technique unto your muscle memory. Font variations train your brain to recognize alternative character styles. As a bonus, for each character, you'll find an extra 8.5 x 11 inches page fully dedicated to the handwriting practice of that letter with and without guiding background light-gray letters. Feel free to photocopy these bonus pages as you wish to extend the lifetime value of your workbook. Special information: Like all Lang Workbooks, this work is also a labor of love. Accordingly, if you are a teacher, a student of Thai, or homeschooling your children, then you can photocopy any part of this workbook for your own, or your students, personal use. Learning to write the Thai script by heart has never been made easy.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781679065699
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Do you want to perfect your Thai handwriting? Do you need a trustworthy resource to teach your small children to trace the Thai alphabet? Then this workbook is the perfect companion for your studies. In it, you'll find all the Thai consonants and vowels, including the both the Traditional and the Modern versions of each letter. Your benefits: Clear large letters make it easy to recognize even the most detailed of the Thai characters and diacritics. Detailed stroke order instructions provide you with a strong foundation to build your skills in both the traditional and the modern writing styles. Dedicated "Trace and Learn" sections are designed to imprint proper stroke technique unto your muscle memory. Font variations train your brain to recognize alternative character styles. As a bonus, for each character, you'll find an extra 8.5 x 11 inches page fully dedicated to the handwriting practice of that letter with and without guiding background light-gray letters. Feel free to photocopy these bonus pages as you wish to extend the lifetime value of your workbook. Special information: Like all Lang Workbooks, this work is also a labor of love. Accordingly, if you are a teacher, a student of Thai, or homeschooling your children, then you can photocopy any part of this workbook for your own, or your students, personal use. Learning to write the Thai script by heart has never been made easy.
Arabic Thought and Islamic Societies (RLE Politics of Islam)
Author: Aziz Al-Azmeh
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134607539
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This is a study of the structure and composition of the official learning current in medieval Arabic culture. This comprises natural sciences both exoteric and esoteric (medicine, alchemy, astrology and others), traditional and religious sciences (such as theology, exegesis and grammar), philosophical sciences such as metaphysics and ethics, in addition to technical disciplines like political theory and medicine, and other fields of intellectual endeavour. The book identifies and develops a number of conceptual elements common to the various areas of official Arabic scientific discourse, and shows how these elements integrate these disparate sciences into an historical epistemic unity. The specific profile of each of these different sciences is described, in terms of its conceptual content, but especially with reference to its historical circumstances. These are seen to be embodied in a number of institutional supports, both intellectual and social: paradigms, schools of thought, institutions of learning, pedagogic techniques, and a body of professionals, all of which combine to form definite, albeit ever renewed, traditions of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to relate Arabic scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages to patterns of scientific and political authority. First published in 1986.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134607539
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This is a study of the structure and composition of the official learning current in medieval Arabic culture. This comprises natural sciences both exoteric and esoteric (medicine, alchemy, astrology and others), traditional and religious sciences (such as theology, exegesis and grammar), philosophical sciences such as metaphysics and ethics, in addition to technical disciplines like political theory and medicine, and other fields of intellectual endeavour. The book identifies and develops a number of conceptual elements common to the various areas of official Arabic scientific discourse, and shows how these elements integrate these disparate sciences into an historical epistemic unity. The specific profile of each of these different sciences is described, in terms of its conceptual content, but especially with reference to its historical circumstances. These are seen to be embodied in a number of institutional supports, both intellectual and social: paradigms, schools of thought, institutions of learning, pedagogic techniques, and a body of professionals, all of which combine to form definite, albeit ever renewed, traditions of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to relate Arabic scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages to patterns of scientific and political authority. First published in 1986.
Mediatization
Author: Knut Lundby
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9781433105623
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
The media are ubiquitous and constantly changing, causing social and cultural shifts. This book examines how processes of mediatization affect almost all areas of contemporary social and cultural life, and takes the theoretical debate on mediatization in communication studies and media sociology to a critical edge.
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9781433105623
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
The media are ubiquitous and constantly changing, causing social and cultural shifts. This book examines how processes of mediatization affect almost all areas of contemporary social and cultural life, and takes the theoretical debate on mediatization in communication studies and media sociology to a critical edge.
Jörn Uhl: Roman
Author: Gustav Frenssen
Publisher: Palala Press
ISBN: 9781377456058
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 546
Book Description
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Publisher: Palala Press
ISBN: 9781377456058
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 546
Book Description
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hamlet in Purgatory
Author: Stephen Greenblatt
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400848091
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
In Hamlet in Purgatory, renowned literary scholar Stephen Greenblatt delves into his longtime fascination with the ghost of Hamlet's father, and his daring and ultimately gratifying journey takes him through surprising intellectual territory. It yields an extraordinary account of the rise and fall of Purgatory as both a belief and a lucrative institution--as well as a capacious new reading of the power of Hamlet. In the mid-sixteenth century, English authorities abruptly changed the relationship between the living and dead. Declaring that Purgatory was a false "poem," they abolished the institutions and banned the practices that Christians relied on to ease the passage to Heaven for themselves and their dead loved ones. Greenblatt explores the fantastic adventure narratives, ghost stories, pilgrimages, and imagery by which a belief in a grisly "prison house of souls" had been shaped and reinforced in the Middle Ages. He probes the psychological benefits as well as the high costs of this belief and of its demolition. With the doctrine of Purgatory and the elaborate practices that grew up around it, the church had provided a powerful method of negotiating with the dead. The Protestant attack on Purgatory destroyed this method for most people in England, but it did not eradicate the longings and fears that Catholic doctrine had for centuries focused and exploited. In his strikingly original interpretation, Greenblatt argues that the human desires to commune with, assist, and be rid of the dead were transformed by Shakespeare--consummate conjurer that he was--into the substance of several of his plays, above all the weirdly powerful Hamlet. Thus, the space of Purgatory became the stage haunted by literature's most famous ghost. This book constitutes an extraordinary feat that could have been accomplished by only Stephen Greenblatt. It is at once a deeply satisfying reading of medieval religion, an innovative interpretation of the apparitions that trouble Shakespeare's tragic heroes, and an exploration of how a culture can be inhabited by its own spectral leftovers. This expanded Princeton Classics edition includes a new preface by the author.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400848091
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
In Hamlet in Purgatory, renowned literary scholar Stephen Greenblatt delves into his longtime fascination with the ghost of Hamlet's father, and his daring and ultimately gratifying journey takes him through surprising intellectual territory. It yields an extraordinary account of the rise and fall of Purgatory as both a belief and a lucrative institution--as well as a capacious new reading of the power of Hamlet. In the mid-sixteenth century, English authorities abruptly changed the relationship between the living and dead. Declaring that Purgatory was a false "poem," they abolished the institutions and banned the practices that Christians relied on to ease the passage to Heaven for themselves and their dead loved ones. Greenblatt explores the fantastic adventure narratives, ghost stories, pilgrimages, and imagery by which a belief in a grisly "prison house of souls" had been shaped and reinforced in the Middle Ages. He probes the psychological benefits as well as the high costs of this belief and of its demolition. With the doctrine of Purgatory and the elaborate practices that grew up around it, the church had provided a powerful method of negotiating with the dead. The Protestant attack on Purgatory destroyed this method for most people in England, but it did not eradicate the longings and fears that Catholic doctrine had for centuries focused and exploited. In his strikingly original interpretation, Greenblatt argues that the human desires to commune with, assist, and be rid of the dead were transformed by Shakespeare--consummate conjurer that he was--into the substance of several of his plays, above all the weirdly powerful Hamlet. Thus, the space of Purgatory became the stage haunted by literature's most famous ghost. This book constitutes an extraordinary feat that could have been accomplished by only Stephen Greenblatt. It is at once a deeply satisfying reading of medieval religion, an innovative interpretation of the apparitions that trouble Shakespeare's tragic heroes, and an exploration of how a culture can be inhabited by its own spectral leftovers. This expanded Princeton Classics edition includes a new preface by the author.
Life Deluxe
Author: Jens Lapidus
Publisher: Pan Macmillan
ISBN: 1447256441
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 593
Book Description
Drug dealer Jorge is just out of prison but already bored with his new existence selling lattes and cappuccinos at a cafe. Who wouldn't be? But big money looms, if he can pull off an audacious last heist. What he doesn't know is that the police are already closing in: an undercover investigator has wormed his way deep into Stockholm's criminal circles, close to Jorge. And also close to JW, the part-time student, part-time cab driver who turned to crime - and got in over his head - in order to keep himself in with a rich party crowd. At the same time, someone is trying to take down the Godfather himself, Radovan Kranjic. What would Stockholm be like with Radovan gone? Who would be Stockholm's new king - or queen - of crime? As the novel unfurls answers will be found amid the voracious hunt for money, power, and a carefree life. The goal is easy - and the life deluxe
Publisher: Pan Macmillan
ISBN: 1447256441
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 593
Book Description
Drug dealer Jorge is just out of prison but already bored with his new existence selling lattes and cappuccinos at a cafe. Who wouldn't be? But big money looms, if he can pull off an audacious last heist. What he doesn't know is that the police are already closing in: an undercover investigator has wormed his way deep into Stockholm's criminal circles, close to Jorge. And also close to JW, the part-time student, part-time cab driver who turned to crime - and got in over his head - in order to keep himself in with a rich party crowd. At the same time, someone is trying to take down the Godfather himself, Radovan Kranjic. What would Stockholm be like with Radovan gone? Who would be Stockholm's new king - or queen - of crime? As the novel unfurls answers will be found amid the voracious hunt for money, power, and a carefree life. The goal is easy - and the life deluxe
Schlaf gut, kleiner Wolf - پرسکون نیند سو جاوٗ، ننھے بھیڑئیے (Deutsch - Urdu)
Author: Ulrich Renz
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783739915128
Category :
Languages : de
Pages : 42
Book Description
Herzerwärmende Gutenachtgeschichte für Kinder ab zwei Jahren. Bilinguale Ausgabe (Deutsch und Urdu), mit online-Hörbuch in deutscher Sprache und Ausmalvorlagen zum Ausdrucken.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783739915128
Category :
Languages : de
Pages : 42
Book Description
Herzerwärmende Gutenachtgeschichte für Kinder ab zwei Jahren. Bilinguale Ausgabe (Deutsch und Urdu), mit online-Hörbuch in deutscher Sprache und Ausmalvorlagen zum Ausdrucken.
Between Literature and Science
Author: Wolf Lepenies
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9782735102303
Category : Literature and society
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
"The theme of this book is the conflict which arose in the early nineteenth century between, on the one hand, the literary and, on the other hand, the scientific intellectuals of Europe, as they competed for recognition as the chief analysts of the new industrial society in which they lived. This conflicts was epitomised by the confrontation between Matthew Arnold and T. H. Huxley, and later in that between F. R. Leavis and C. P. Snow. Sociology was born as the third major discipline, though in many ways it was a hybrid of the literary and the scientific traditions. The social sciences continue, even today, to oscillate between these two traditions. The author chronicles the rise of the new discipline by discussing the lives and work of the most prominent thinkers of the time, in England, France and Germany. These include John Stuart Mill, H. G. Wells, Beatrice and Sidney Webb and T. S. Eliot; Auguste Comte, Charles Peguy, Emile Durkheim; Stefan George, Thomas Mann, Max Weber and Karl Mannheim. At stake was the right to formulate a philosophy of life for contemporary society, and to predict and pre-empt the worst consequences of industrialization. The book presents a penetrating study of idealists grappling with reality, when industrial society was still in its infancy. It will be of interest to those studying sociology and its history as a discipline, but it is equally relevant to other social science subjects which may be said to have arisen at about the same time" -- Back cover.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9782735102303
Category : Literature and society
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
"The theme of this book is the conflict which arose in the early nineteenth century between, on the one hand, the literary and, on the other hand, the scientific intellectuals of Europe, as they competed for recognition as the chief analysts of the new industrial society in which they lived. This conflicts was epitomised by the confrontation between Matthew Arnold and T. H. Huxley, and later in that between F. R. Leavis and C. P. Snow. Sociology was born as the third major discipline, though in many ways it was a hybrid of the literary and the scientific traditions. The social sciences continue, even today, to oscillate between these two traditions. The author chronicles the rise of the new discipline by discussing the lives and work of the most prominent thinkers of the time, in England, France and Germany. These include John Stuart Mill, H. G. Wells, Beatrice and Sidney Webb and T. S. Eliot; Auguste Comte, Charles Peguy, Emile Durkheim; Stefan George, Thomas Mann, Max Weber and Karl Mannheim. At stake was the right to formulate a philosophy of life for contemporary society, and to predict and pre-empt the worst consequences of industrialization. The book presents a penetrating study of idealists grappling with reality, when industrial society was still in its infancy. It will be of interest to those studying sociology and its history as a discipline, but it is equally relevant to other social science subjects which may be said to have arisen at about the same time" -- Back cover.
`Virgins of God' : The Making of Asceticism in Late Antiquity
Author: Susanna Elm
Publisher: Clarendon Press
ISBN: 0191591637
Category : Asceticism
Languages : en
Pages : 466
Book Description
Many of the institutions fundamental to the role of men and women in society today were formed in late antiquity. This path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how Christian women of this time initiated alternative, ascetic ways of living, both with and without men. The author studies how these practices were institutionalized, and why later they were either eliminated or transformed by a new Christian Roman elite of men we now think of as the founding fathers of monasticism. - ;Situated in a period that witnessed the genesis of institutions fundamental to this day, this path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how ancient Christian women initiated ascetic ways of living, and how these practices were then institutionalized. Using the organization of female asceticism in Asia Minor and Egypt as a lever, the author demonstrates that - in direct contrast to later conceptions - asceticism began primarly as an urban movement. Crucially, it also originated with men and women living together, varying the model of the family. The book then traces how, in the course of the fourth century, these early organizational forms underwent a transformation. Concurrent with the doctrinal struggles to redefine the Trinity, and with the formation of a new Christian --eacute--;lite, men such as Basil of Caesarea changed the institutional configuration of ascetic life in common: they emphasized the segregation of the sexes, and the supremacy of the rural over urban models. At the same time, ascetics became clerics, who increasingly used female saints as symbols for the role of the new ecclesiastical elite. Earlier, more varied models of ascetic life were either silenced or condemned as heretical; and those who had been in fact their reformers became known as the founding fathers of monasticism. -
Publisher: Clarendon Press
ISBN: 0191591637
Category : Asceticism
Languages : en
Pages : 466
Book Description
Many of the institutions fundamental to the role of men and women in society today were formed in late antiquity. This path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how Christian women of this time initiated alternative, ascetic ways of living, both with and without men. The author studies how these practices were institutionalized, and why later they were either eliminated or transformed by a new Christian Roman elite of men we now think of as the founding fathers of monasticism. - ;Situated in a period that witnessed the genesis of institutions fundamental to this day, this path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how ancient Christian women initiated ascetic ways of living, and how these practices were then institutionalized. Using the organization of female asceticism in Asia Minor and Egypt as a lever, the author demonstrates that - in direct contrast to later conceptions - asceticism began primarly as an urban movement. Crucially, it also originated with men and women living together, varying the model of the family. The book then traces how, in the course of the fourth century, these early organizational forms underwent a transformation. Concurrent with the doctrinal struggles to redefine the Trinity, and with the formation of a new Christian --eacute--;lite, men such as Basil of Caesarea changed the institutional configuration of ascetic life in common: they emphasized the segregation of the sexes, and the supremacy of the rural over urban models. At the same time, ascetics became clerics, who increasingly used female saints as symbols for the role of the new ecclesiastical elite. Earlier, more varied models of ascetic life were either silenced or condemned as heretical; and those who had been in fact their reformers became known as the founding fathers of monasticism. -