Author: Thomas B. Whitaker
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9048196345
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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Book Description
Adherence to regulatory limits for mycotoxins in agricultural commodities is important to safeguard consumers and to permit trade in affected commodities across international borders. Reliable estimates of mycotoxin concentrations are required to implement regulatory decisions on the suitability of lots of produce for consumption or trade. Effective schemes to test for mycotoxins depend not only upon sound analytical methods, but also on well designed and implemented sampling plans. This manual provides information to food analysts and regulatory officials on effective sampling plans to detect mycotoxins in food. The concepts of uncertainty and variability in mycotoxin test procedures are discussed as well as the importance of ensuring that samples are representative of the lot being sampled, and the consequences of a poorly designed sampling plan on the reliability of the measured levels of mycotoxins, possibly resulting in legal disputes and barriers to trade.
Author: John F. Leslie
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1845930827
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
This book is an outcome of the MycoGlobe conference in Accra. Most of the chapters are based on invited oral presentations made at the conference. The chapters in this book touch on issues including health, trade, ecology, epidemiology, occurrence, detection, management, awareness and policy. This book serves as a source of information on the occurrence and impact of mycotoxins on everything from trade and health to agricultural production in addition to suggesting opportunities for their management in Africa and elsewhere by researchers, policy makers and development investors.
Author: John F. Leslie
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1845933842
Category : Biological products
Languages : en
Pages : 498
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Book Description
Mycotoxins are produced worldwide by several fungi on a wide range of agricultural commodities and are closely related to human and animal food chains. Examining mycotoxins and their impact from a public health viewpoint, this book provides an overview and introduction to the subject and examines the health, trade and legislation issues involved. Management of mycotoxins is discussed in detail as well as the global problems caused by mycotoxins.
Author: Wonder Praise-God Nxumalo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemistry
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
The objective of this study was to develop and validate an improved sample preparation technique for accurate quantification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2, Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in maize using liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin contamination in agricultural commodities poses a threat to human health. Contamination of food is recognised as a source of food borne illness by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The toxicity of mycotoxins has been evaluated by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the maximum levels (MLs) for the agricultural important mycotoxins have been established. Agricultural commodities need to be tested to ensure food safety prior to human consumption; this requires accurate analytical methods for identification and quantification of these mycotoxins at the regulatory levels. Analytical methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry have been developed for identification and quantification of mycotoxins. However, MS based analysis is affected by matrix effects that results from ionisation inefficiency of the target analyte due to co-eluting matrix components. Therefore, there is a need for improved sample preparation methods which can minimise, or possibly eliminate, matrix components prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Dilute-and-shoot , Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) and solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques were evaluated for matrix removal efficiency in multi mycotoxin determination in maize. Isotopically labelled mycotoxin standards were used to compensate for variations during the analysis. Spiked blank maize samples and matrix reference materials were used to evaluate the performance of each sample preparation technique. Dilute-and-shoot technique was used as a first approach to estimate expected matrix effects and to verify whether isotopically labelled internal standards can compensate for matrix effects during the analysis. All the analytes were affected by the presence of matrix effects, signal suppression/enhancement (SSE) ranged between 88% - 194%. When %REC > 130% it was deemed enhanced. The QuEChERS method was ineffective in isolating mycotoxins from the matrix. Results from dilute-and-shoot and QuEChERS highlighted the need of a selective clean-up step to reduce matrix effects. Different SPE columns with different sorbents were evaluated for matrix removal efficiency and analyte retention performances. Columns with analyte(s) selective sorbents were effective in improving recoveries for those specific analytes. Also, minimum matrix effects were observed from these columns. However, for multi mycotoxin determination, an ideal clean-up step should yield good recoveries for all the mycotoxins with varying physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPE column gave good recoveries for most analytes despite relatively high matrix effects with respect to selective sorbents. A clean-up method based on HLB clean-up was optimised to improve matrix removal efficiency. An accurate, precise and robust method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize was developed and validated. This method is based on ultrasonic extraction, economical HLB SPE clean-up and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-stable isotope dilution assay-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-SIDA-MS/MS). Sample extraction based on two extraction steps using acidified methanol/water mixture and HLB SPE clean-up resulted in good analyte recoveries 57% ? %REC ? 142% for most analytes. Fast polarity switching mode was used to determine all the analytes in one chromatographic run without compromising chromatographic resolution. Method performance results indicate that the method can be used to detect and quantify mycotoxins at the regulated levels. Keywords: Mycotoxins, maize, stable isotope dilution assay, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry
Author: Kaushal K. Shinha
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482270048
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
Describes a range of mycotoxins occurring as contaminants in agricultural crops and animal products, and details the implementation of food safety regulations via governmental and international agencies. The book charts the progress made in mycotoxicology since the early 1990s. It also profiles recent advances in mycotoxin analysis methods.
Author: D. Barug
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9086865232
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
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Book Description
"Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of moulds belonging essentially to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera. They can be produced on a wide range of agricultural commodities and under a diverse range of situations. Due to their various toxic effects and their good thermal stability, the presence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds is potentially hazardous to the health of both humans and animals. Mycotoxins may cause damage to e.g. liver, kidney or the nervous system, some are even carcinogenic. There is growing concern for ways in which these fungi and their mycotoxins can be prevented from entering the human and animal food chain. And worldwide changes in legislation ever increase the need for more precise and sensitive mycotoxin analytical methods. 'Meeting the mycotoxin menace' contains the peer-reviewed papers of the second World Mycotoxin Forum held 17-18 February 2003 in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. The book focuses on the various aspects related to the presence, prevention, control, sampling and analysis of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, foods and feeds. In this publication special attention is given to new developments in this field. The editors firmly believe that the very nature of the themes chosen and the excellence of the papers by invited experts from various disciplines will draw an audience from both the food and feed industry, regulatory authorities and science."
Author: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Meeting
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251046647
Category : Aflatoxins
Languages : en
Pages : 712
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Book Description
This volume contains monographs prepared at the fifty-sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Five mycotoxins or groups of mycotoxins that contaminate food commodities were evaluated at the meeting: aflatoxin M1, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and T -2 and HT -2 toxins. The monographs in this volume summarize the data that were reviewed on these contaminants, including information on metabolism and toxicity, epidemiology, analytical methods for their measurement in food commodities, sampling protocols, effects of processing, levels and patterns of contamination of food commodities, food consumption, and prevention and control. Based upon this information the Committee assessed the risks associated with intake of these mycotoxins.
Author: Mary W. Trucksess
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1592590640
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 245
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Book Description
Mycotoxins produced by molds are common contaminants of many important crops, including wheat, corn, rice, and peanuts. Some mycotoxins are found in fruits and vegetables. These contaminants have a broad range of toxic effects, including carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The occurrence of mycotoxins in foods is an unavoidable worldwide problem. About 80 countries have imposed regulatory limits to minimize human and animal exposure to mycotoxins. Regulatory limits, including international standards, have tremendous economic impact and must be developed using science-based risk assessments. The purpose of Mycotoxin Protocols is to provide the scientific and technological basis for analytical methods for use in obtaining the exposure data needed for risk assessments. Mycotoxin Protocols is divided into four sections, which are interc- nected. The first section: Chapters 1–5 describe the general techniques for mycotoxin analysis with emphasis on the importance of method validation based on statistical parameters; sampling procedures for collecting a sample as representative as possible of a bulk lot; the isolation of mycotoxins for use as analytical standards or for toxicological studies; the evaluation of purity and preparation of standards; and the detection and identification of impu- ties in isolated mycotoxins. Sections 2–4: Chapters 6–19 describe the most current chromatographic and immunochemical methods for studies on the major mycotoxins.
Author: Henry Njapau
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1467824909
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
Author: R. Barkai-Golan
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080557856
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 407
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Book Description
Mycotoxins are toxins produced by aerobic, microscopic fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. They colonize in a variety of foods from harvest to the grocer. Mycotoxins have gained world wide interest in recent years with the revelation of the effect of these toxins on health. A current example is the presence of ochratoxin A, a human carcinogen and nephrotoxin, in wines. The increased concern about fruit safety has led to increased studies throughout the world and enhanced awareness for stringent regulations governing mycotoxin limits in food. Presented in three defined sections, this is the first book to provide comprehensive analysis of the main mycotoxins contaminating fruits and vegetables and their derived products. The first section provides a safety evaluation of mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, details regarding factors affecting mycotoxin production and diffusion in the fruit tissue, and recent methods for detection of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins produced by the fungi. The second part takes a critical look at the main individual mycotoxins and the third section focuses on approaches for prevention and control. The first book dedicated to mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables Presents mycological, mycotoxicological and phytopathological aspects of fruits and vegetables Includes an analysis of detection, prevention and control methods for mycotoxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins they produce Provides a complete risk assessment and safety evaluation of mycotoxins in perishable produce
