Rising Mortality and Life Expectancy Differentials by Lifetime Earnings in the United States PDF Download
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Author: Julian P. Cristia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income averaging
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Author: Julian P. Cristia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income averaging
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030931710X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 243
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Book Description
The U.S. population is aging. Social Security projections suggest that between 2013 and 2050, the population aged 65 and over will almost double, from 45 million to 86 million. One key driver of population aging is ongoing increases in life expectancy. Average U.S. life expectancy was 67 years for males and 73 years for females five decades ago; the averages are now 76 and 81, respectively. It has long been the case that better-educated, higher-income people enjoy longer life expectancies than less-educated, lower-income people. The causes include early life conditions, behavioral factors (such as nutrition, exercise, and smoking behaviors), stress, and access to health care services, all of which can vary across education and income. Our major entitlement programs - Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income - have come to deliver disproportionately larger lifetime benefits to higher-income people because, on average, they are increasingly collecting those benefits over more years than others. This report studies the impact the growing gap in life expectancy has on the present value of lifetime benefits that people with higher or lower earnings will receive from major entitlement programs. The analysis presented in The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income goes beyond an examination of the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive estimates of how lifetime benefits are affected by the changing distribution of life expectancy. The report also explores, from a lifetime benefit perspective, how the growing gap in longevity affects traditional policy analyses of reforms to the nation's leading entitlement programs. This in-depth analysis of the economic impacts of the longevity gap will inform debate and assist decision makers, economists, and researchers.
Author: James E. Duggan
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Studies of the empirical relationship between income and mortality often rely on data aggregated by geographic areas and broad population groups and do not distinguish disabled and nondisabled persons. We investigate the relationship between individual mortality and lifetime income with a large micro data base of current and former retired participants in the U. S. Social Security system. Logit models by gender and race confirm a negative relationship. Differences in age of death between low and high lifetime income are on the order of two to three years. Income-related mortality differences between blacks and whites are largest at low-income levels while gender differences appear to be large and persistent across income levels.
Author: Hilary Waldron
Publisher: BiblioGov
ISBN: 9781289059781
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
This study presents an analysis of trends in mortality differentials and life expectancy by average relative earnings for male Social Security-covered workers aged 60 or older. Mortality differentials, cohort life expectancies, and period life expectancies by average relative earnings are estimated. Period life expectancy estimates for the United States are also compared with those of other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In general, for birth cohorts spanning the years 1912-1941 (or deaths spanning the years 1972-2001 at ages 60-89), the top half of the average relative earnings distribution has experienced faster mortality improvement than has the bottom half. The sample is expected to be selectively healthier than the general population because of a requirement that men included in the sample have some positive earnings from ages 45 through 55. This requirement is expected to exclude some of the most at-risk members of the U.S. population because of the strong correlation between labor force participation and health.
Author: National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309684736
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309217105
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages-cancer and cardiovascular disease-available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which-unlike randomized controlled trials-are subject to many biases.
Author: Hilary Waldron
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
To evaluate the distributional effects of some proposed Social Security law changes, such as an increase in Social Security's early entitlement age, retirement policy analysts typically tabulate the number of workers who fall below a predetermined threshold of hardship. Analysts using this technique often implicitly assume that the insured population falls neatly into a low-earnings poor health group and a remaining good health group. If the hardship threshold assumption is correct, there should be no difference in mortality risk between lifetime earnings deciles above a hardship threshold. This study finds that the hardship threshold model is overwhelmingly rejected in US Social Security data, a result consistent with similar studies conducted in Canada, Germany, and England. The bottom 80-95 percent of the male lifetime earnings distribution exhibits an inverse correlation with regard to mortality risk (the higher the earnings, the lower the mortality risk) at ages 63-71.
Author: Hilary Waldron
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Life expectancy
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Author: Isaac Sasson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
As life expectancy at birth in the United States approaches eighty years of age, educational differentials in adult mortality are greater than ever. One of the key sociological insights of our time is that these two processes are fundamentally interrelated. As society gains greater social capacity to control health and disease socioeconomic status (SES) becomes increasingly important for shaping healthy social environments and lifestyles, which reduce the risk of mortality. Of all SES indicators, educational attainment is perhaps the single most important predictor of mortality in the United States. Not only do low-educated Americans have shorter lifespans compared to their college-educated counterparts, on average, but they have recently suffered absolute declines in life expectancy. However, debates surrounding the extent, causes, and even validity of those trends continue. This dissertation makes several unique contributions to our understanding of lifespan inequality by educational attainment in the United States. First, using vital statistics data, it documents trends in life expectancy and lifespan variation--a unique dimension of lifespan inequality--by educational attainment for black and white Americans of both genders from 1990 to 2010. Second, it decomposes those trends by age and cause of death in order to understand the proximate causes of the educational disparity in adult mortality. Third, it evaluates the extent to which changes in the composition of education groups account for the rising education-mortality gradient. The findings reveal that the gap in life expectancy at age 25 between the low educated (having fewer than twelve years of schooling) and the college educated has doubled among men and more than tripled among women over the study period; that life expectancy declined among low-educated white men and women (by 0.6 and 3.1 years, respectively); and that much of these trends is attributed to an increase in premature deaths from smoking-related diseases and external causes. While both sides of the selection-causation debate have merit, changes in group composition do not fully account for the increase in mortality among low-educated Americans, for whom economic circumstances have worsened. Overall, the association between educational attainment and adult mortality is pervasive, enduring, and increasing in magnitude.
Author: Peter A. Diamond
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 9780199247899
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
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