Rising Household Income Inequality in California PDF Download
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Author: Deborah Reed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
Author: Deborah Reed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
Author: Deborah Reed
Publisher: Public Policy Instit. of CA
ISBN: 0965318400
Category : Income
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
Author: Deborah Reed
Publisher: Public Policy Instit. of CA
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
Author: Maarten van Ham
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303064569X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
This open access book investigates the link between income inequality and socio-economic residential segregation in 24 large urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. It offers a unique global overview of segregation trends based on case studies by local author teams. The book shows important global trends in segregation, and proposes a Global Segregation Thesis. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries. This is causing convergence of segregation trends. Professionalisation of the workforce is leading to changing residential patterns. High-income workers are moving to city centres or to attractive coastal areas and gated communities, while poverty is increasingly suburbanising. As a result, the urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than changes in segregation levels. Rising levels of inequality and segregation pose huge challenges for the future social sustainability of cities, as cities are no longer places of opportunities for all.
Author: Daniel H. Weinberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Author: Sarah Bohn
Publisher: Public Policy Instit. of CA
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Author: Orestes Patterson Hastings
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 155
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Book Description
Income inequality has risen sharply in the United States over the past forty years, yet there remains substantial uncertainty about the consequences of income inequality on social life. This dissertation advances research on these consequences by focusing on mechanisms through which inequality may matter and on the methods by which the effects of income inequality are determined. I primarily draw on data from the 1973-2014 General Social Surveys linked to administrative data of the demographic and economic characteristics of each respondent's state. This includes state-level income inequality, for which I utilize a new annual series based on household income tax returns. I also conduct an online survey experiment that manipulates perceptions of state-level income inequality. First, numerous scholarly accounts posit that as income inequality rises, individuals will be less satisfied with their own finances as they feel increasingly deprived relative to others--driving individuals to try to spend more as they engage in positional competition and increasing their anxieties as position in the income distribution becomes ever more crucial. I find that higher state-level income inequality decreases financial satisfaction overall, and that this effect is especially pronounced for those in the middle of the income distribution. Counterfactual simulations suggest rising inequality explains a substantial portion of the over-time decline in financial satisfaction. Second, concerns about rising income inequality are frequently linked to discussions about opportunity and mobility, yet little research explores if and how this inequality affects people's economic optimism, something with far reaching implications for life satisfaction, public opinion, and real economic mobility. Both the survey analysis and the experiment show that higher income inequality decreases economic optimism. The survey shows that the rate of change in inequality moderates the effect of the level of inequality, and that household income further moderates the effects of the level and change in income inequality on economic optimism. There was no evidence of this moderation in the experiment. Key differences between the two methodological approaches are discussed. Third, although both popular and scholarly accounts have argued that income inequality reduces trust, some recent research has been more skeptical, noting these claims are more robust cross-sectionally than longitudinally. Furthermore, although multiple mechanisms have been proposed for why inequality could affect trust, these have rarely been tested explicitly. I find little evidence that states that have been more unequal over time have less trusting people. There is some evidence that the growth in income inequality is linked with a decrease in trust, but these effects are sensitive to how time is accounted for. While much of the inequality and trust research has focused on status anxiety and feelings of relative deprivation, this mechanism receives the weakest support, and mechanisms based on societal fractionalization and exploitation receive stronger support. Finally, social comparisons of income have far-reaching consequences for individual decision-making and public policy, yet there persists a significant gap between "true" relative income and what Americans perceive. Although one compelling explanation is that reference groups affect what people perceive as "average," there is little consensus about who people compare themselves with. Previous research has proposed reference groups based on both geographic proximity and on sociodemographic similarity, but few studies have considered multiple reference groups systematically or simultaneously. I find that the effect of reference group income depends on both egoist and fraternal comparisons: higher median incomes of large reference groups and those with weak status hierarchies increases perceived relative income, while higher median incomes of small reference groups and those with strong status hierarchies decreases perceived relative income. These results have important implications for how reference groups are used in research on neighborhood effects, residential segregation, and income inequality.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Ms.Era Dabla-Norris
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513547437
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309483980
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 619
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Book Description
The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.
