Author: Mark Settle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 42
Get Book Here
Book Description
The rise of eruption clouds is produced by the upward momentum and thermal buoyancy of volcanic dust and gas, processes which play important roles in other phenomena. The expansion of a turbulent jet in free flow is controlled by the rate at which the forward momentum of the jet is dissipated. Thermal buoyancy of industrial waste gases provides a mechanism for moving such wastes upward through the atmosphere and ensuring their dispersal over a wide area. The rise of volcanic eruption clouds can be modelled after these 2 analogous phenomena. In this report average ejection velocities at a volcanic vent ranging from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec are assumed to represent a wide range of eruption intensity, from Strombolian to Vulcanian types. For eruption velocities varying from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec, cloud heights estimated by the turbulent jet model range from 1500 m to 6500 m (mid-latitude eruption) while cloud heights estimated by the industrial plume models range from 900 m to 10,000 m. These estimates are considered to be roughly comparable in view of the assumptions and extrapolations involved in applying these models to explosive eruption conditions and agree quite well with reported heights of eruption clouds. The fact that comparable estimates of cloud height are produced by 2 very different models suggests that both momentum and thermal buoyancy play an important role throughout the main portion of an eruption cloud's trajectory.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309454158
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 135
Get Book Here
Book Description
Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptionsâ€"where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences. Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
Author: R. S. J. Sparks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 608
Get Book Here
Book Description
Volcanic plumes, made up of material that has explosively erupted from a volcano, are of fundamental importance to volcanology because their deposits record the past activity of a volcano. They also pose a wide range of hazards to humans and can have significant environmental effects. This book integrates observation, theory, and experimental studies and contains recent research ideas and results.
Author: General Dynamics Corporation. Electric Boat Division
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Robert I. Tilling
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Government publications
Languages : en
Pages : 56
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lassen Peak (Calif.)
Languages : en
Pages : 2
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: James Riddick Partington
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental geology
Languages : en
Pages : 42
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Volcanic activity prediction
Languages : en
Pages : 2
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Ken S. Carslaw
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128231726
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 856
Get Book Here
Book Description
The ever-diversifying field of aerosol effects on climate is comprehensively presented here, describing the strong connection between fundamental research and model applications in a way that will allow both experienced researchers and those new to the field to gain an understanding of a wide range of topics. The material is consistently presented at three levels for each topic: (i) an accessible "quick read" of the essentials, (ii) a more detailed description, and (iii) a section dedicated to how the processes are handled in models. The modelling section in each chapter summarizes the current level of knowledge and what the gaps in this understanding mean for the effects of aerosols on climate, enabling readers to quickly understand how new research fits into established knowledge. Definitions, case studies, reference data, and examples are included throughout. Aerosols and Climate is a vital resource for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, senior researchers, and lecturers in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, engineering, and environment. It will also be of interest to those working in operational centers and policy-facing organizations, providing strong reference material on the current state of knowledge. - Includes a section in each chapter that focuses on the treatment of relevant aerosol processes in climate models - Provides clear exposition of the challenges in understanding and reducing persistent gaps in knowledge and uncertainties in the field of aerosol-climate interaction, going beyond the fundamentals and existing knowledge - Authored by experts in modeling and aerosol processes, analysis or observations to ensure accessibility and balance
