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Author: Tamar Moise
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Tamar Moise
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Jennifer A. Faust
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128136421
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Book Description
Physical Chemistry of Gas-Liquid Interfaces, the first volume in the Developments in Physical & Theoretical Chemistry series, addresses the physical chemistry of gas transport and reactions across liquid surfaces. Gas–liquid interfaces are all around us, especially within atmospheric systems such as sea spry aerosols, cloud droplets, and the surface of the ocean. Because the reaction environment at liquid surfaces is completely unlike bulk gas or bulk liquid, chemists must readjust their conceptual framework when entering this field. This book provides the necessary background in thermodynamics and computational and experimental techniques for scientists to obtain a thorough understanding of the physical chemistry of liquid surfaces in complex, real-world environments. - 2019 PROSE Awards - Winner: Category: Chemistry and Physics: Association of American Publishers - Provides an interdisciplinary view of the chemical dynamics of liquid surfaces, making the content of specific use to physical chemists and atmospheric scientists - Features 100 figures and illustrations to underscore key concepts and aid in retention for young scientists in industry and graduate students in the classroom - Helps scientists who are transitioning to this field by offering the appropriate thermodynamic background and surveying the current state of research
Author: Thomas Brian Sobyra
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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This thesis describes investigations of the solvation and reactions of gaseous molecules interacting with salty water and surfactant-coated solutions using gas-microjet scattering. We probed (i) the entry probability of organic molecules with diverse functional groups, including carboxylic acid dimers, into salty solutions, (ii) the reactivity of N2O5 with Br- ions in solutions with and without surfactants present, and (iii) the reactive uptake of HNO3 in solutions with and without a partial surfactant monolayer. The microjet technique enables us to suppress collisions between the solute gas and evaporating water molecules by employing a thin stream of water in vacuum (35 micron diameter in our experiments) whose size is smaller than the mean free path in the vapor cloud surrounding the jet. We first prepared microjets of two aqueous solutions, 8 molal LiBr/H2O and ~4 m K2SO3/H2O at 253 K, and exposed them to seven organic gases representing different functional groups to measure their entry probability. These gases comprise weak acids (formic and acetic monomer and dimer), weak bases (dimethylamine and piperidine), and an alcohol, ether, and ester (ethanol, dimethyl ether, and methyl formate). The entry probability of each molecule is shown to track the molecule's physical solubility, reflecting both the attractive forces between the gas and solvent water molecules and the finite solvation time of the gas in solution with respect to the 100 microsec observation time of the fast-moving microjet. Organic acids and bases were lost to solution following nearly every collision, whereas molecules with less hydrogen bonding capacity desorbed shortly after thermalization. Even dimerization of the weak acids did not prevent the interfacial water molecules from solvating and permanently capturing these nominally hydrophobic dimers, likely trapped by hydrogen-bond formation between H atoms of surface water molecules and available O atom sites on the dimer. The experiments demonstrate that it is possible to the measure the entry probability of reactive gases into salty water solutions without interference from gas-phase collisions. We next utilized 35 [lowercase mu]m jets of 8 m LiBr/H2O jet at 240 K and 6 m LiBr/H2O jet at 263 K to investigate the uptake of N2O5 and its reaction with aqueous Br- ions. N2O5 was chosen for these experiments because it is a nighttime reservoir for nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, whose hydrolysis and reaction with halide ions impacts global concentrations of O3, OH, and CH4. The presence of the highly reactive impurity HNO3 in the N2O5 molecular beam complicated the determination of the N2O5 reactive uptake, and our measurements yielded a small negative uptake of -0.05 +/- 0.10. However, evaporating Br2 product from the oxidation-reduction reaction N2O5(g) + 2 Br-(aq) → Br2(g) + NO3-(aq) + NO2+(aq), a model for the nighttime reaction of N2O5 with halide ions in aerosol droplets, can be readily detected and controlled by the presence of surfactants. Addition of a non-ionic surfactant, 1-butanol, that covers the surface with ~40% of a compact monolayer reduces Br2 production by 35%. Remarkably, covering the surface with 9% or 58% of a monolayer of the cationic surfactant tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBA+/Br-) reduces the Br2 signal by 85% and ~100%, respectively. A detailed analysis suggests that TBA+ efficiently suppresses Br2 evaporation because it tightly bonds to the Br3- intermediate formed in the highly concentrated Br- solution, and thereby hinders the rapid release and evaporation of Br2. In order to determine the impact of the nitric acid impurity on our N2O5 uptake measurements, we measured the reactive uptake of HNO3 itself into an 8 m LiBr/H2O microjet at 240 K. An uptake of less than 1 for HNO3 means that the N2O5 signal (recorded at the common NO2+ ion mass) from the microjet contains desorbing HNO3 and explains the negative uptake value acquired. Literature studies have reported the uptake of HNO3 to be between 0.2 and 0.7 for concentrated NaCl solutions. Using our liquid microjet technique we measured the uptake of HNO3 to be 0.59 +/- 0.06, which changes our previously measured N2O5 uptake value from -0.05 +/- 0.10 to 0.036 +/- 0.11, a number in accord with other uptake measurements. Organic surfactants at the surface of aerosol droplets are quite common, so we choose to investigate if a surfactant layer could block this strongly hydrogen bonding molecule from interacting with the aqueous subphase. Initial measurements show that a 58% monolayer of TBABr reduces the reactive uptake of HNO3 from 0.29 +/- 0.07 into a bare 6 m LiBr/H2O at 240 K to an uptake of -0.06 into 0.050 m TBABr + 6 m LiBr/H2O.
Author: Hajime Akimoto
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119422396
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 544
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An important guide that highlights the multiphase chemical processes for students and professionals who want to learn more about aerosol chemistry Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry provides the information and knowledge of multiphase chemical processes and offers a review of the fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols. The authors—noted experts on the topic—also describe new particle formation, and cloud condensation nuclei activity. In addition, the text includes descriptions of field observations on secondary aerosols and PM2.5. Atmospheric aerosols play a critical role in air quality and climate change. There is growing evidence that the multiphase reactions involving heterogeneous reactions on the air-particle interface and the reactions in the bulk liquid phase of wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets are important processes forming secondary aerosols in addition to gas-phase oxidation reactions to form low-volatile compounds. Comprehensive in scope, the book offers an understanding of the topic by providing a historical overview of secondary aerosols, the fundamentals of multiphase reactions, gas-phase reactions of volatile organic compounds, aqueous phase and air-particle interface reactions of organic compound. This important text: Provides knowledge on multiphase chemical processes for graduate students and research scientists Includes fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols Covers in detail reaction chemistry of secondary organic aerosols Written for students and research scientists in atmospheric chemistry and aerosol science of environmental engineering, Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry offers an essential guide to the fundamentals of multiphase chemical processes.
Author: Rekha Kale
Publisher: Scitus Academics LLC
ISBN: 9781681171326
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Atmospheric Aerosols is a vital problem in current environmental research due to its importance in atmospheric optics, energetics, radiative transfer studies, chemistry, climate, biology and public health. Aerosols can influence the energy balance of the terrestrial atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric dynamics and monsoon circulations. Because of the heterogeneous aerosol field with large spatial and temporal variability and reduction in uncertainties in aerosol quantification is a challenging task in atmospheric sciences. Keeping this in view the present study aims to assess the impact of aerosols on coastal Indian station Visakhapatnam and the adjoining Bay of Bengal. An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam.
Author: Hajime Akimoto
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 4431558705
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
This book is aimed at graduate students and research scientists interested in gaining a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry, fundamental photochemistry, and gas phase and heterogeneous reaction kinetics. It also provides all necessary spectroscopic and kinetic data, which should be useful as reference sources for research scientists in atmospheric chemistry. As an application of reaction chemistry, it provides chapters on tropospheric and stratospheric reaction chemistry, covering tropospheric ozone and photochemical oxidant formation, stratospheric ozone depletion and sulfur chemistry related to acid deposition and the stratospheric aerosol layer. This book is intended not only for students of chemistry but also particularly for non-chemistry students who are studying meteorology, radiation physics, engineering, and ecology/biology and who wish to find a useful source on reaction chemistry.
Author: Kerry J. Knox
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642163483
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 209
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Book Description
Aerosols play a critical role in a broad range of scientific disciplines, such as atmospheric chemistry and physics, combustion science, drug delivery and human health. This thesis explores the fundamentals of a new technique for capturing single or multiple particles using light, and for characterising these particles by Raman or fluorescence spectroscopy. The outcome of this research represents a significant development in optical manipulation techniques, specifically in optical tweezing. These findings can be applied to studies of the mass accommodation of gas-phase water molecules adsorbing onto a water surface. Not only is this a fundamental process of interest to physical chemists, but it is important for understanding the role of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, including their ability to become cloud droplets. This new strategy for investigating aerosol dynamics is fundamental in helping us understand the indirect effect of aerosols on the climate.
Author: Helmut Greim
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470868945
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 698
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Book Description
This new book, written by two outstanding scientists in the field, describes the basic principles of toxic mechanisms and organ toxicity, providing detailed information on specific mechanisms or chemicals for exemplification. The goal is to provide sufficient information that the reader becomes familiar with the basic concepts in toxicology to enable him or her to understand the basic principles in toxicology and to evaluate the risks at given exposures. With this basic understanding the reader also will be able to critically evaluate the available information on a chemical and to identify data gaps. In addition to the introductory chapters the book will offer the following systematic information, presented in six special sections: Principles in Toxicology Organ Toxicology Methods in Toxicology Risk Assessment Risk Management Toxicity of Chemicals Fulfilling a demand for such a book, this will be a welcomed introductory text for students and non-experts alike to focus on and understand the principles of hazard identification and risk assessment of toxicants. Relevant to all those studying toxicology, biochemistry, biology, medicine and chemistry, as well as toxicologists in hospitals, universities and in industry.
Author: V. Faye McNeill
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3642412157
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 267
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Christian George, Barbara D’Anna, Hartmut Herrmann, Christian Weller, Veronica Vaida, D. J. Donaldson, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch, Markus Ammann - Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry. Lisa Whalley, Daniel Stone, Dwayne Heard - New Insights into the Tropospheric Oxidation of Isoprene: Combining Field Measurements, Laboratory Studies, Chemical Modelling and Quantum Theory. Neil M. Donahue, Allen L. Robinson, Erica R. Trump, Ilona Riipinen, Jesse H. Kroll - Volatility and Aging of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. P. A. Ariya, G. Kos, R. Mortazavi, E. D. Hudson, V. Kanthasamy, N. Eltouny, J. Sun, C. Wilde - Bio-Organic Materials in the Atmosphere and Snow: Measurement and Characterization. V. Faye McNeill, Neha Sareen, Allison N. Schwier - Surface-Active Organics in Atmospheric Aerosols.
Author: Kathleen Michelle Fiehrer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 760
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