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Author: Benjamin Kuipers
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262111904
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 464
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Book Description
Qualitative models are better able than traditional models to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous mechanisms. Qualitative simulation guarantees to find all possible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the model. This expressive power and coverage is important in problem solving for diagnosis, design, monitoring, explanation, and other applications of artificial intelligence.
Author: Benjamin Kuipers
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262111904
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 464
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Book Description
Qualitative models are better able than traditional models to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous mechanisms. Qualitative simulation guarantees to find all possible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the model. This expressive power and coverage is important in problem solving for diagnosis, design, monitoring, explanation, and other applications of artificial intelligence.
Author: Daniel S. Weld
Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
ISBN:
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 744
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Book Description
The ability to reason qualitatively about physical systems is important to understanding and interacting with the world for both humans and intelligent machines. Accordingly, this study has become an important subject of research in the artificial intelligence and cognitive science communities. The goal of "qualitative physics," as the field is sometimes known, is to capture both the commonsense knowledge of the person on the street and the tacit knowledge underlying the quantitative knowledge used by engineers and scientists. "Readings in Qualitative Reasoning About Physical Systems" is an introduction and source book for this dynamic area, presenting reprints of key papers chosen by the editors and a group of expert referees. The editors present introductions discussing the context and significance of each group of articles as well as providing pointers to the rest of the literature. In addition, the volume includes several original papers that are not available elsewhere.
Author: Hannes Werthner
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783211825792
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
The book provides a survey about the field of Qualitative Reasoning, it contrasts and classifies its approaches and puts them into a common framework. Qualitative Reasoning represents an approach of Artificial Intelligence to model dynamic systems, about which little information is available, and to derive statements about the potential behavior of these systems, putting emphasis on a causal explanation of the behavior. Both variables and relationships between variables are described by means of qualitative terms such as small and large or positive and negative. Since this approach also takes into consideration the way how humans reason about physical systems, it can be stated that Qualitative Reasoning participates in the creation of a cognitive theory of non-numerical process descriptions which can be mapped onto a digital computer. This approach can be used for simulation, diagnosis, design, structure identification and interpretation. Areas of application are physics, medicine, the field of ecology, process control, etc. In addition to the classification of existing methods, the book presents a new approach based on fuzzy sets. And the work relates Qualitative Reasoning with such fields of Expert Systems, System Theory and Cognitive Science.
Author: Erik T. Mueller
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080476619
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 431
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Book Description
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world. - Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states. - The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus. - Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall. - Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves. - Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Author: D.M. Mark
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401126062
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 509
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Book Description
This book contains twenty-eight papers by participants in the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on "Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space," held in Las Navas del Maxques, Spain, July 8-20, 1990. The NATO ASI marked a stage in a two-year research project at the U. S. National Center for Geographic Infonnation and Analysis (NCOIA). In 1987, the U. S. National Science Foundation issued a solicitation for proposals to establish the NCGIA-and one element of that solicitation was a call for research on a "fundamental theory of spatial relations". We felt that such a fundamental theory could be searched for in mathematics (geometry, topology) or in cognitive science, but that a simultaneous search in these two seemingly disparate research areas might produce novel results. Thus, as part of the NCGIA proposal from a consortium consisting of the University of California at Santa Barbara, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the University of Maine, we proposed that the second major Research Initiative (two year, multidisciplinary research project) of the NCOIA would address these issues, and would be called "Languages of Spatial Relations" The grant to establish the NCOIA was awarded to our consortium late in 1988.
Author: Okyay Kaynak
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540569930
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 364
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Book Description
This book is a collection of some of the papers that were presented during a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Intelligent Systems: Safety, Reliability and Maintainability Issues" that was held in Kusadasi, Turkey during August 24- 28, 1992. Attendance at this workshop was mainly by invitation only, drawing people internationally representing industry, government and the academic community. Many of the participants were internationally recognized leaders in the topic of the workshop. The purpose of the ARW was to bring together a highly distinguished group of people with the express purpose of debating where the issues of safety, reliability and maintainability place direct and tangible constraints on the development of intelligent systems. As a consequence, one of the major debating points in the ARW was the definition of intelligence, intelligent behaviour and their relation to complex dynamic systems. Two major conclusions evolved from the ARW are: 1. A continued need exists to develop formal, theoretical frameworks for the architecture of such systems, together with a reflection on the concept of intelligence. 2. There is a need to focus greater attention to the role that the human play in controlling intelligent systems. The workshop began by considering the typical features of an intelligent system. The complexity associated with multi-resolutional architectures was then discussed, leading to the identification of a necessity for the use of a combinatorial synthesis/approach. This was followed by a session on human interface issues.
Author: Uwe Flick
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1526416069
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 737
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Book Description
The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection is a timely overview of the methodological developments available to social science researchers, covering key themes including: Concepts, Contexts, Basics Verbal Data Digital and Internet Data Triangulation and Mixed Methods Collecting Data in Specific Populations.
Author: Joseph Y. Halpern
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262533804
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 505
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Book Description
Formal ways of representing uncertainty and various logics for reasoning about it; updated with new material on weighted probability measures, complexity-theoretic considerations, and other topics. In order to deal with uncertainty intelligently, we need to be able to represent it and reason about it. In this book, Joseph Halpern examines formal ways of representing uncertainty and considers various logics for reasoning about it. While the ideas presented are formalized in terms of definitions and theorems, the emphasis is on the philosophy of representing and reasoning about uncertainty. Halpern surveys possible formal systems for representing uncertainty, including probability measures, possibility measures, and plausibility measures; considers the updating of beliefs based on changing information and the relation to Bayes' theorem; and discusses qualitative, quantitative, and plausibilistic Bayesian networks. This second edition has been updated to reflect Halpern's recent research. New material includes a consideration of weighted probability measures and how they can be used in decision making; analyses of the Doomsday argument and the Sleeping Beauty problem; modeling games with imperfect recall using the runs-and-systems approach; a discussion of complexity-theoretic considerations; the application of first-order conditional logic to security. Reasoning about Uncertainty is accessible and relevant to researchers and students in many fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, economics (particularly game theory), mathematics, philosophy, and statistics.
Author: Eugene C. Freuder
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262560757
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Constraint-based reasoning is an important area of automated reasoning in artificial intelligence, with many applications. These include configuration and design problems, planning and scheduling, temporal and spatial reasoning, defeasible and causal reasoning, machine vision and language understanding, qualitative and diagnostic reasoning, and expert systems. Constraint-Based Reasoning presents current work in the field at several levels: theory, algorithms, languages, applications, and hardware. Constraint-based reasoning has connections to a wide variety of fields, including formal logic, graph theory, relational databases, combinatorial algorithms, operations research, neural networks, truth maintenance, and logic programming. The ideal of describing a problem domain in natural, declarative terms and then letting general deductive mechanisms synthesize individual solutions has to some extent been realized, and even embodied, in programming languages. Contents Introduction, E. C. Freuder, A. K. Mackworth * The Logic of Constraint Satisfaction, A. K. Mackworth * Partial Constraint Satisfaction, E. C. Freuder, R. J. Wallace * Constraint Reasoning Based on Interval Arithmetic: The Tolerance Propagation Approach, E. Hyvonen * Constraint Satisfaction Using Constraint Logic Programming, P. Van Hentenryck, H. Simonis, M. Dincbas * Minimizing Conflicts: A Heuristic Repair Method for Constraint Satisfaction and Scheduling Problems, S. Minton, M. D. Johnston, A. B. Philips, and P. Laird * Arc Consistency: Parallelism and Domain Dependence, P. R. Cooper, M. J. Swain * Structure Identification in Relational Data, R. Dechter, J. Pearl * Learning to Improve Constraint-Based Scheduling, M. Zweben, E. Davis, B. Daun, E. Drascher, M. Deale, M. Eskey * Reasoning about Qualitative Temporal Information, P. van Beek * A Geometric Constraint Engine, G. A. Kramer * A Theory of Conflict Resolution in Planning, Q. Yang A Bradford Book.
Author: Robert K. Yin
Publisher: Guilford Press
ISBN: 1606239783
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 369
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Book Description
This lively, practical text presents a fresh and comprehensive approach to doing qualitative research. The book offers a unique balance of theory and clear-cut choices for customizing every phase of a qualitative study. A scholarly mix of classic and contemporary studies from multiple disciplines provides compelling, field-based examples of the full range of qualitative approaches. Readers learn about adaptive ways of designing studies, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the researcher's craft are addressed, such as fieldwork options, the five phases of data analysis (with and without using computer-based software), and how to incorporate the researcher's “declarative” and “reflective” selves into a final report. Ideal for graduate-level courses, the text includes:* Discussions of ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, feminist research, and other approaches.* Instructions for creating a study bank to get a new study started.* End-of-chapter exercises and a semester-long, field-based project.* Quick study boxes, research vignettes, sample studies, and a glossary.* Previews for sections within chapters, and chapter recaps.* Discussion of the place of qualitative research among other social science methods, including mixed methods research.
