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Author: Ian Lienert
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
The real effective exchange rate (REER) is the most commonly used measure for assessing international competitiveness. We develop a methodology to estimate the REER that incorporates two distinctive elements that are not considered in the current literature and apply it to the Mediterranean Quartet (MQ) of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, whose common pattern of real appreciation has created concern in policy and academic circles. The two elements that we add to the existing literature are (i) product heterogeneity when identifying each country's international competitors and their weights and (ii) a comprehensive treatment of services exports. Our refined measure suggests a modest reduction in the observed REER gap between the MQ countries and the other euro area countries. In particular, considering product heterogeneity and services exports implies a lower real appreciation from 1998 to 2006 on the order of 2-3 percent for all MQ countries. These are difference-in-difference estimates relative to the results obtained for the rest of the euro area countries using the same methodology.
Author: Ian Lienert
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
The real effective exchange rate (REER) is the most commonly used measure for assessing international competitiveness. We develop a methodology to estimate the REER that incorporates two distinctive elements that are not considered in the current literature and apply it to the Mediterranean Quartet (MQ) of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, whose common pattern of real appreciation has created concern in policy and academic circles. The two elements that we add to the existing literature are (i) product heterogeneity when identifying each country's international competitors and their weights and (ii) a comprehensive treatment of services exports. Our refined measure suggests a modest reduction in the observed REER gap between the MQ countries and the other euro area countries. In particular, considering product heterogeneity and services exports implies a lower real appreciation from 1998 to 2006 on the order of 2-3 percent for all MQ countries. These are difference-in-difference estimates relative to the results obtained for the rest of the euro area countries using the same methodology.
Author: Hilary Devine
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513571567
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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Book Description
The Covid-19 pandemic has aggravated the tension between large development needs in infrastructure and scarce public resources. To alleviate this tension and promote a strong and job-rich recovery from the crisis, Africa needs to mobilize more financing from and to the private sector.
Author: Manal Fouad
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513576569
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
Investment in infrastructure can be a driving force of the economic recovery in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of shrinking fiscal space. Public-private partnerships (PPP) bring a promise of efficiency when carefully designed and managed, to avoid creating unnecessary fiscal risks. But fiscal illusions prevent an understanding the sources of fiscal risks, which arise in all infrastructure projects, and that in PPPs present specific characteristics that need to be addressed. PPP contracts are also affected by implicit fiscal risks when they are poorly designed, particularly when a government signs a PPP contract for a project with no financial sustainability. This paper reviews the advantages and inconveniences of PPPs, discusses the fiscal illusions affecting them, identifies a diversity of fiscal risks, and presents the essentials of PPP fiscal risk management.
Author: International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Financial Systems Dept.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1484308395
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 139
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Book Description
The October 2017 Global Financial Stability Report finds that the global financial system continues to strengthen in response to extraordinary policy support, regulatory enhancements, and the cyclical upturn in growth. It also includes a chapter that examines the short- and medium-term implications for economic growth and financial stability of the past decades’ rise in household debt. It documents large differences in household debt-to-GDP ratios across countries but a common increasing trajectory that was moderated but not reversed by the global financial crisis. Another chapter develops a new macroeconomic measure of financial stability by linking financial conditions to the probability distribution of future GDP growth and applies it to a set of 20 major advanced and emerging market economies. The chapter shows that changes in financial conditions shift the whole distribution of future GDP growth.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economic development
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
Author: Great BritainDepartment for Business, Innovation & Skills
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780101792325
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Access to sustainable finance is essential if businesses are to invest and grow. Businesses need finance for both working capital and investment purposes. This paper considers the range of finance options available to businesses of different sizes, and the extent to which market failures may constrain access to finance for some businesses. The impact of the financial crisis on the availability of finance, and whether the current challenges are transitional or structural, is also examined. The paper also considers whether there are risks to the future provision of finance that should be addressed now, so that an appropriate range of business finance is available for viable businesses as the economy recovers. Views are sought to help inform the Government's assessment of, and response to, this important challenge.
Author: John R. Nellis
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821321812
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Book Description
Governance, as defined by the World Bank in its 1992 report, Governance and Development, is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development. The report deemed it is within the Bank's mandate to focus on the following: -the process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources -the capacity of governments to design, formulate, and implement policies and discharge functions. Also available: Governance: The World Bank's Experience (ISBN 0-8213-2804-2) Stock No. 12804.
Author: Asian Development Bank
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
ISBN: 9292629417
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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Book Description
The Government of Pakistan strongly supports public–private partnership (PPP) initiatives. From 1990 to 2019, Pakistan witnessed 108 financially closed PPP projects, with a total investment of approximately $28.4 billion. About 88% of these projects are in the energy sector, attracting more than $24.7billion, followed by investments in the port sector. In early 2021, Parliament approved the amendments to the 2017 PPP Law, enacting the Public Private Partnership Authority (Amendment) Act 2021. This further strengthens the enabling legal and regulatory framework for developing and implementing PPPs, thereby promoting private sector investment in public infrastructure and related services.
Author: Neil F. Gregory
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821348499
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
This report aims to take stock of the domestic private sector in China which has emerged over the past twenty years. It is based on surveys and interviews carried out in four locations in China where private sector development is relatively advanced. These studies were supplemented by discussions with entrepreneurs, industry associations, and government officials. The report focuses on three main themes: the structure of private enterprises, the enabling environment for their development and, access to financing. For each of these areas, the report presents an analysis of constraints on private sector development and outlines an agenda for addressing these constraints. The report recommends that, in order to encourage continuing private sector growth, the government should create a level playing field for all enterprises by intervening less and focusing on improved commercial legislation and more open markets. Financial institutions must develop to serve the private sector, and private enterprises need to mature and improve their corporate governance, in order to derive the most benefit from improvements in the business environment.
Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821371789
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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Book Description
This book's prime audience is government policy-makers. It provides a policy framework for governments to increase micro, small and medium enterprises' access to financial services?one which is based on empirical evidence from around the world. Financial sector policies in many developing countries often work against the ability of commercial financial institutions to serve this market segment, albeit, often unintentionally. The framework guides governments on how to best focus scarce resources on three things: ? developing an inclusive financial sector policy; ? building healthy financial ins
