Author: Christopher R. Chapple
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1848820348
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 559
Book Description
This book fulfils the need for a general urology text primarily urologists in training. It has a novel format by having a clinical chapter always preceded by a scientific foundation chapter. The scientific chapter is geared toward answering questions for boards and understanding pathophysiology, is concise and relevant. The clinical chapter is written around evidence-based medicine and in "how-to" format with algorithms, with reference to AUA & EAU guidelines, well illustrated.
Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
Author: Christopher R. Chapple
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1848820348
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 559
Book Description
This book fulfils the need for a general urology text primarily urologists in training. It has a novel format by having a clinical chapter always preceded by a scientific foundation chapter. The scientific chapter is geared toward answering questions for boards and understanding pathophysiology, is concise and relevant. The clinical chapter is written around evidence-based medicine and in "how-to" format with algorithms, with reference to AUA & EAU guidelines, well illustrated.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1848820348
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 559
Book Description
This book fulfils the need for a general urology text primarily urologists in training. It has a novel format by having a clinical chapter always preceded by a scientific foundation chapter. The scientific chapter is geared toward answering questions for boards and understanding pathophysiology, is concise and relevant. The clinical chapter is written around evidence-based medicine and in "how-to" format with algorithms, with reference to AUA & EAU guidelines, well illustrated.
Principles & Practice of Urology
Author: Muhammad A. Salam
Publisher: Universal-Publishers
ISBN: 1581124120
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 526
Book Description
Principles and Practice of Urology (Volumes I and II) was created to provide a fresh, practical and concise review of the important urological issues faced in the daily practice. An easy and simple style is used to discuss the different urological diseases. This comprehensive and compact presentation serves the undergraduate and postgraduate medical student as a text book while providing a rapid review of the subject with reference work for the experienced professional, including General Surgeons, gynecologists, oncologist, neurologists, neurosurgeons, pediatric surgeons, spinal surgeons, nephrologists and physicians. The first chapter of the book describes the scholars of urology in the past few centuries and introduces their innovative works. This is followed by 16 different sections containing about 108 urological topics described in the simplest possible way. This book is clearly illustrated with plenty of original clinical photographs and about 500 line diagrams to explain the text. Flow charts are included at the end of the major chapters to outline the practical management of the clinical problems. In two volumes, this book is ideal for rapid reference, providing instant help in the out patient, in the ward, or in any setting with patients suffering from urological problems. Volume-I covers basic science and clinical urology including chapters on: Section 1: Evolution of Urological Techniques Section 2: Clinical Observation Section 3: Investigations of Urological Disease Section 4: Pediatric Urology Section 5: General Urology Section 6: Emergency Urology Section 7: Genitourinary Infection Section 8: Genitourinary Obstruction Section 9: Female Urology Section 10: Neuro-urology Volume-II covers clinical and practical urology including chapters on: Section 11: Reconstructive Urology Section 12: Uro-oncology Section 13: Uro-lithiasis Section 14: Reproductive urology Section 15: Practical urology Section 16: Renal transplant
Publisher: Universal-Publishers
ISBN: 1581124120
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 526
Book Description
Principles and Practice of Urology (Volumes I and II) was created to provide a fresh, practical and concise review of the important urological issues faced in the daily practice. An easy and simple style is used to discuss the different urological diseases. This comprehensive and compact presentation serves the undergraduate and postgraduate medical student as a text book while providing a rapid review of the subject with reference work for the experienced professional, including General Surgeons, gynecologists, oncologist, neurologists, neurosurgeons, pediatric surgeons, spinal surgeons, nephrologists and physicians. The first chapter of the book describes the scholars of urology in the past few centuries and introduces their innovative works. This is followed by 16 different sections containing about 108 urological topics described in the simplest possible way. This book is clearly illustrated with plenty of original clinical photographs and about 500 line diagrams to explain the text. Flow charts are included at the end of the major chapters to outline the practical management of the clinical problems. In two volumes, this book is ideal for rapid reference, providing instant help in the out patient, in the ward, or in any setting with patients suffering from urological problems. Volume-I covers basic science and clinical urology including chapters on: Section 1: Evolution of Urological Techniques Section 2: Clinical Observation Section 3: Investigations of Urological Disease Section 4: Pediatric Urology Section 5: General Urology Section 6: Emergency Urology Section 7: Genitourinary Infection Section 8: Genitourinary Obstruction Section 9: Female Urology Section 10: Neuro-urology Volume-II covers clinical and practical urology including chapters on: Section 11: Reconstructive Urology Section 12: Uro-oncology Section 13: Uro-lithiasis Section 14: Reproductive urology Section 15: Practical urology Section 16: Renal transplant
Imaging and Technology in Urology
Author: Steve Payne
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447124227
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
Imaging and Technology: Principles and Clinical Applications is a practical and user-friendly consolidated source book for urologists, and urologists in training, regarding the basic science of imaging modalities used on a day-to-day basis in urological practice. Similarly, the intention is to provide an introduction to the technology that is used in the practice of urological surgery and the management of urological patients in the clinical setting. This knowledge level is appropriate for certification for independent consultant practice in urology in the UK. The book is also valuable to urologists and urological trainees outside of the UK and in other surgical specialities.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447124227
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
Imaging and Technology: Principles and Clinical Applications is a practical and user-friendly consolidated source book for urologists, and urologists in training, regarding the basic science of imaging modalities used on a day-to-day basis in urological practice. Similarly, the intention is to provide an introduction to the technology that is used in the practice of urological surgery and the management of urological patients in the clinical setting. This knowledge level is appropriate for certification for independent consultant practice in urology in the UK. The book is also valuable to urologists and urological trainees outside of the UK and in other surgical specialities.
Urologic Principles and Practice
Author: Christopher R. Chapple
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030285995
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
This book fulfils the need for a general urology text primarily urologists in training. It has a novel format by having a clinical chapter always preceded by a scientific foundation chapter. The scientific chapter is geared toward answering questions for boards and understanding pathophysiology, is concise and relevant. The clinical chapter is written around evidence-based medicine and in "how-to" format with algorithms, with reference to AUA & EAU guidelines, well illustrated.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030285995
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 674
Book Description
This book fulfils the need for a general urology text primarily urologists in training. It has a novel format by having a clinical chapter always preceded by a scientific foundation chapter. The scientific chapter is geared toward answering questions for boards and understanding pathophysiology, is concise and relevant. The clinical chapter is written around evidence-based medicine and in "how-to" format with algorithms, with reference to AUA & EAU guidelines, well illustrated.
Campbell Walsh Wein Urology, E-Book
Author: Alan W. Partin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323672272
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5215
Book Description
From the basic science underpinnings to the most recent developments in medical and surgical care, Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology offers a depth and breadth of coverage you won't find in any other urology reference. Now in three manageable volumes, the revised 12th Edition is a must-have text for students, residents, and seasoned practitioners, with authoritative, up-to-date content in an intuitively organized, easy-to-read format featuring key points, quick-reference tables, and handy algorithms throughout. - Features shorter, more practical chapters that help you find key information quickly. - Includes new chapters on Urinary Tract Imaging: Basic Principles of Nuclear Medicine · Ethics and Informed Consent · Incisions and Access · Complications of Urologic Surgery · Urologic Considerations in Pregnancy · Intraoperative Consultation · Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals · and more. - Covers hot topics such as minimally invasive and robotic surgery; advancements in urologic oncology, including innovative therapeutics for personalized medicine; new approaches to male infertility; technological advances for the treatment of stones; and advances in imaging modalities. - Incorporates current AUA/EAU guidelines in each chapter as appropriate - Updates all chapters with new content, new advances, and current references and best practices. Extensively updated chapters include Urological Immunotherapy, Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion, and Updated Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer. - Features more than 175 video clips, including all-new videos on perineal ultrasound, abdominoplasty in prune belly syndrome, partial penectomy, low dose rate brachytherapy, and many more. - Written and edited by key opinion leaders, reflecting essential changes and controversies in the field. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323672272
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5215
Book Description
From the basic science underpinnings to the most recent developments in medical and surgical care, Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology offers a depth and breadth of coverage you won't find in any other urology reference. Now in three manageable volumes, the revised 12th Edition is a must-have text for students, residents, and seasoned practitioners, with authoritative, up-to-date content in an intuitively organized, easy-to-read format featuring key points, quick-reference tables, and handy algorithms throughout. - Features shorter, more practical chapters that help you find key information quickly. - Includes new chapters on Urinary Tract Imaging: Basic Principles of Nuclear Medicine · Ethics and Informed Consent · Incisions and Access · Complications of Urologic Surgery · Urologic Considerations in Pregnancy · Intraoperative Consultation · Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals · and more. - Covers hot topics such as minimally invasive and robotic surgery; advancements in urologic oncology, including innovative therapeutics for personalized medicine; new approaches to male infertility; technological advances for the treatment of stones; and advances in imaging modalities. - Incorporates current AUA/EAU guidelines in each chapter as appropriate - Updates all chapters with new content, new advances, and current references and best practices. Extensively updated chapters include Urological Immunotherapy, Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion, and Updated Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer. - Features more than 175 video clips, including all-new videos on perineal ultrasound, abdominoplasty in prune belly syndrome, partial penectomy, low dose rate brachytherapy, and many more. - Written and edited by key opinion leaders, reflecting essential changes and controversies in the field. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Campbell-Walsh Urology
Author: Alan J. Wein
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455722987
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5689
Book Description
Since 1954, Campbell-Walsh Urology has been internationally recognized as the pre-eminent text in its field. Edited by Alan J. Wein, MD, PhD(hon), Louis R. Kavoussi, MD, Alan W. Partin, MD, PhD, Craig A. Peters, MD, FACS, FAAP, and the late Andrew C. Novick, MD, it provides you with everything you need to know at every stage of your career, covering the entire breadth and depth of urology - from anatomy and physiology through the latest diagnostic approaches and medical and surgical treatments. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Be certain with expert, dependable, accurate answers for every stage of your career from the most comprehensive, definitive text in the field! Required reading for all urology residents, Campbell-Walsh Urology is the predominant reference used by The American Board of Urology for its board examination questions. Visually grasp and better understand critical information with the aid of algorithms, photographs, radiographs, and line drawings to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making. Stay on the cutting edge with online updates. Get trusted perspectives and insights from hundreds of well-respected global contributors, all of whom are at the top and the cutting edge of their respective fields. Stay current with the latest knowledge and practices. Brand-new chapters and comprehensive updates throughout include new information on perioperative care in adults and children, premature ejaculation, retroperitoneal tumors, nocturia, and more! Meticulously revised chapters cover the most recent advancements in robotic and laparoscopic bladder surgery, open surgery of the kidney, management of metastic and invasive bladder cancer, and many other hot topics! Reference information quickly thanks to a new, streamlined print format and easily searchable online access to supplemental figures, tables, additional references, and expanded discussions as well as procedural videos and more at www.expertconsult.com.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455722987
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5689
Book Description
Since 1954, Campbell-Walsh Urology has been internationally recognized as the pre-eminent text in its field. Edited by Alan J. Wein, MD, PhD(hon), Louis R. Kavoussi, MD, Alan W. Partin, MD, PhD, Craig A. Peters, MD, FACS, FAAP, and the late Andrew C. Novick, MD, it provides you with everything you need to know at every stage of your career, covering the entire breadth and depth of urology - from anatomy and physiology through the latest diagnostic approaches and medical and surgical treatments. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Be certain with expert, dependable, accurate answers for every stage of your career from the most comprehensive, definitive text in the field! Required reading for all urology residents, Campbell-Walsh Urology is the predominant reference used by The American Board of Urology for its board examination questions. Visually grasp and better understand critical information with the aid of algorithms, photographs, radiographs, and line drawings to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making. Stay on the cutting edge with online updates. Get trusted perspectives and insights from hundreds of well-respected global contributors, all of whom are at the top and the cutting edge of their respective fields. Stay current with the latest knowledge and practices. Brand-new chapters and comprehensive updates throughout include new information on perioperative care in adults and children, premature ejaculation, retroperitoneal tumors, nocturia, and more! Meticulously revised chapters cover the most recent advancements in robotic and laparoscopic bladder surgery, open surgery of the kidney, management of metastic and invasive bladder cancer, and many other hot topics! Reference information quickly thanks to a new, streamlined print format and easily searchable online access to supplemental figures, tables, additional references, and expanded discussions as well as procedural videos and more at www.expertconsult.com.
Practical Functional Urology
Author: John Heesakkers
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319254308
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Functional urology is that part of urological practice which deals with functional disorders of the lower urinary tract. Among the diseases that cause functional disorders are spina bifida, spinal cord injury, pelvic organ prolapse, and urethral strictures. This book on practical functional urology will help urologists, urogynecologists, and others to diagnose and treat these functional disorders. The theoretical background and scientific basis are summarized, but the emphasis is very much on clinical practice. Diagnosis and treatment are presented for a variety of conditions, including overactive bladder, detrusor underactivity, painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, prostatitis, stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary tract infections, and urethral disorders. The content is based on the EAU guidelines, and for each disorder, helpful tips and tricks are highlighted.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319254308
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Functional urology is that part of urological practice which deals with functional disorders of the lower urinary tract. Among the diseases that cause functional disorders are spina bifida, spinal cord injury, pelvic organ prolapse, and urethral strictures. This book on practical functional urology will help urologists, urogynecologists, and others to diagnose and treat these functional disorders. The theoretical background and scientific basis are summarized, but the emphasis is very much on clinical practice. Diagnosis and treatment are presented for a variety of conditions, including overactive bladder, detrusor underactivity, painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, prostatitis, stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary tract infections, and urethral disorders. The content is based on the EAU guidelines, and for each disorder, helpful tips and tricks are highlighted.
Campbell-Walsh Urology E-Book
Author: Alan J. Wein
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323263747
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5294
Book Description
Internationally lauded as the preeminent text in the field, Campbell-Walsh Urology continues to offer the most comprehensive coverage of every aspect of urology. Perfect for urologists, residents, and practicing physicians alike, this updated text highlights all of the essential concepts necessary for every stage of your career, from anatomy and physiology through the latest diagnostic approaches and medical and surgical treatments. The predominant reference used by The American Board of Urology for its examination questions. Algorithms, photographs, radiographs, and line drawings illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentations and techniques, and decision making. Key Points boxes and algorithms further expedite review. Features hundreds of well-respected global contributors at the top of their respective fields. A total of 22 new chapters, including Evaluation and Management of Men with Urinary Incontinence; Minimally-Invasive Urinary Diversion; Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair; Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer; Adolescent and Transitional Urology; Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children; Pediatric Urogenital Imaging; and Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children. Previous edition chapters have been substantially revised and feature such highlights as new information on prostate cancer screening, management of non–muscle invasive bladder cancer, and urinary tract infections in children. Includes new guidelines on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, uro-trauma, and medical management of kidney stone disease. Anatomy chapters have been expanded and reorganized for ease of access. Boasts an increased focus on robotic surgery, image-guided diagnostics and treatment, and guidelines-based medicine. Features 130 video clips that are easily accessible via Expert Consult. Periodic updates to the eBook version by key opinion leaders will reflect essential changes and controversies in the field. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience offers access to all of the text, figures, tables, diagrams, videos, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323263747
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 5294
Book Description
Internationally lauded as the preeminent text in the field, Campbell-Walsh Urology continues to offer the most comprehensive coverage of every aspect of urology. Perfect for urologists, residents, and practicing physicians alike, this updated text highlights all of the essential concepts necessary for every stage of your career, from anatomy and physiology through the latest diagnostic approaches and medical and surgical treatments. The predominant reference used by The American Board of Urology for its examination questions. Algorithms, photographs, radiographs, and line drawings illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentations and techniques, and decision making. Key Points boxes and algorithms further expedite review. Features hundreds of well-respected global contributors at the top of their respective fields. A total of 22 new chapters, including Evaluation and Management of Men with Urinary Incontinence; Minimally-Invasive Urinary Diversion; Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair; Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer; Adolescent and Transitional Urology; Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children; Pediatric Urogenital Imaging; and Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children. Previous edition chapters have been substantially revised and feature such highlights as new information on prostate cancer screening, management of non–muscle invasive bladder cancer, and urinary tract infections in children. Includes new guidelines on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, uro-trauma, and medical management of kidney stone disease. Anatomy chapters have been expanded and reorganized for ease of access. Boasts an increased focus on robotic surgery, image-guided diagnostics and treatment, and guidelines-based medicine. Features 130 video clips that are easily accessible via Expert Consult. Periodic updates to the eBook version by key opinion leaders will reflect essential changes and controversies in the field. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience offers access to all of the text, figures, tables, diagrams, videos, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Blandy's Urology
Author: Omar M. Aboumarzouk
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118863364
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 884
Book Description
Die 3. Auflage von Blandy?s Urology ist auf dem besten Weg, ein Klassiker zu werden. Die neueste Auflage eines der populärsten Fachbücher der Urologie vereint erfolgreich alles Wissenswerte zur allgemeinen Urologie und Chirurgie in der Urologie für die Zielgruppe der Urologen und Chirurgen. Hauptmerkmal ist die einzigartige Art und Weise von Blandy, urologische Erkrankungen und deren Management zu beschreiben: - Klare, direkte und unkomplizierte Beschreibungen von Krankheiten und Störungen mit Hunderten klinischer Fotos. - Eine Fülle exzellenter Schaubilder zu chirurgischen Eingriffen, die die besten Operationstechniken verdeutlichen. - Legt den Nachdruck auf die häufigsten Erkrankungen in der klinischen Praxis. - Jedes Thema ist einem anatomischen Bereich zugeordnet. Ein Fachbuch, das wegen seines direkten Zugangs zu dem Fachgebiet vor allem von Urologen und angehenden Chirurgen geschätzt wird. Eignet sich auch für die Prüfungsvorbereitung und als Auffrischung
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118863364
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 884
Book Description
Die 3. Auflage von Blandy?s Urology ist auf dem besten Weg, ein Klassiker zu werden. Die neueste Auflage eines der populärsten Fachbücher der Urologie vereint erfolgreich alles Wissenswerte zur allgemeinen Urologie und Chirurgie in der Urologie für die Zielgruppe der Urologen und Chirurgen. Hauptmerkmal ist die einzigartige Art und Weise von Blandy, urologische Erkrankungen und deren Management zu beschreiben: - Klare, direkte und unkomplizierte Beschreibungen von Krankheiten und Störungen mit Hunderten klinischer Fotos. - Eine Fülle exzellenter Schaubilder zu chirurgischen Eingriffen, die die besten Operationstechniken verdeutlichen. - Legt den Nachdruck auf die häufigsten Erkrankungen in der klinischen Praxis. - Jedes Thema ist einem anatomischen Bereich zugeordnet. Ein Fachbuch, das wegen seines direkten Zugangs zu dem Fachgebiet vor allem von Urologen und angehenden Chirurgen geschätzt wird. Eignet sich auch für die Prüfungsvorbereitung und als Auffrischung
Campbell Walsh Wein Handbook of Urology - E-Book
Author: Alan W. Partin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323827489
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 898
Book Description
Brush up on important clinical topics and prepare for exams or recertification with this easily accessible handbook. Campbell Walsh Wein Handbook of Urology contains essential, reliable information from the same author team as Campbell Walsh Wein Urology, 12th Edition, providing practical, well-illustrated diagnosis and treatment information on a wide range of urological conditions. It's an ideal resource for residents, practitioners, and nurse practitioners in urology who need quick access to key clinical information in a concise, easy-to-read format. - Find information quickly and easily with a high-yield, templated format that includes numerous algorithms, tables, and figures. - Effectively review for the boards or recertification using the self-assessment questions at the end of each chapter. - Stay abreast of new AUA and ICI incontinence guidelines as well as up-to-date information on incontinence treatment recommendations, therapy for castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and active surveillance for prostate cancer. - Focus on hot topics in urology including stress and mixed urinary incontinence, therapy for prolapse, overactive bladder, male subfertility and androgen deficiency, and renal cell carcinoma. - Review the major categories of urologic diseases along with integrated content on radiology, radiation therapy, nephrology, pediatric urology, transplantation surgery, and vascular surgery.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323827489
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 898
Book Description
Brush up on important clinical topics and prepare for exams or recertification with this easily accessible handbook. Campbell Walsh Wein Handbook of Urology contains essential, reliable information from the same author team as Campbell Walsh Wein Urology, 12th Edition, providing practical, well-illustrated diagnosis and treatment information on a wide range of urological conditions. It's an ideal resource for residents, practitioners, and nurse practitioners in urology who need quick access to key clinical information in a concise, easy-to-read format. - Find information quickly and easily with a high-yield, templated format that includes numerous algorithms, tables, and figures. - Effectively review for the boards or recertification using the self-assessment questions at the end of each chapter. - Stay abreast of new AUA and ICI incontinence guidelines as well as up-to-date information on incontinence treatment recommendations, therapy for castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and active surveillance for prostate cancer. - Focus on hot topics in urology including stress and mixed urinary incontinence, therapy for prolapse, overactive bladder, male subfertility and androgen deficiency, and renal cell carcinoma. - Review the major categories of urologic diseases along with integrated content on radiology, radiation therapy, nephrology, pediatric urology, transplantation surgery, and vascular surgery.