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Author: Susanna Saracco
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031276582
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Book Description
This book analyses the role of diagrammatic reasoning in Plato’s philosophy: the readers will realize that Plato, describing the stages of human cognitive development using a diagram, poses a logic problem to stimulate the general reasoning abilities of his readers. Following the examination of mental models in this book, the readers will reflect on what inferences can be useful to approach this kind of logic problem. Plato calls for a collaboration between writer and readers. In this book the readers will examine the connection between diagrams and discovery, realizing the important epistemic role of visualization. They will recognize the crucial role that diagrams play in problem solving. The logic problem elaborated by Plato is addressed considering the epistemic function of mental models. These models introduce to an advanced stage of cognitive development, in which reasoning uses in its investigations a higher-level of mathematical complexity, represented by structuralism.
Author: Susanna Saracco
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031276582
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 95
Get Book Here
Book Description
This book analyses the role of diagrammatic reasoning in Plato’s philosophy: the readers will realize that Plato, describing the stages of human cognitive development using a diagram, poses a logic problem to stimulate the general reasoning abilities of his readers. Following the examination of mental models in this book, the readers will reflect on what inferences can be useful to approach this kind of logic problem. Plato calls for a collaboration between writer and readers. In this book the readers will examine the connection between diagrams and discovery, realizing the important epistemic role of visualization. They will recognize the crucial role that diagrams play in problem solving. The logic problem elaborated by Plato is addressed considering the epistemic function of mental models. These models introduce to an advanced stage of cognitive development, in which reasoning uses in its investigations a higher-level of mathematical complexity, represented by structuralism.
Author: Dave Barker-Plummer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540356231
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams, Stanford, CA, USA in June 2006. 13 revised full papers, 9 revised short papers, and 12 extended abstracts are presented together with 2 keynote papers and 2 tutorial papers. The papers are organized in topical sections on diagram comprehension by humans and machines, notations: history, design and formalization, diagrams and education, reasoning with diagrams by humans and machines, and psychological issues in comprehension, production and communication.
Author: Markus Knauff
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262045079
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 879
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Book Description
The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of rationality—how people ought to think, how they actually think, and why we often deviate from what we can call rational. It also offers insights from other fields such as artificial intelligence, economics, the social sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. The Handbook proposes a novel classification system for researchers in human rationality, and it creates new connections between rationality research in philosophy, psychology, and other disciplines. Following the basic distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, the book first considers the theoretical side, including normative and descriptive theories of logical, probabilistic, causal, and defeasible reasoning. It then turns to the practical side, discussing topics such as decision making, bounded rationality, game theory, deontic and legal reasoning, and the relation between rationality and morality. Finally, it covers topics that arise in both theoretical and practical rationality, including visual and spatial thinking, scientific rationality, how children learn to reason rationally, and the connection between intelligence and rationality.
Author: Mike Oaksford
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198524498
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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Book Description
For almost 2,500 years, the Western concept of what is to be human has been dominated by the idea that the mind is the seat of reason - humans are, almost by definition, the rational animal. In this text a more radical suggestion for explaining these puzzling aspects of human reasoning is put forward.
Author: Kenneth D. Forbus
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262038943
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 441
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Book Description
An argument that qualitative representations—symbolic representations that carve continuous phenomena into meaningful units—are central to human cognition. In this book, Kenneth Forbus proposes that qualitative representations hold the key to one of the deepest mysteries of cognitive science: how we reason and learn about the continuous phenomena surrounding us. Forbus argues that qualitative representations—symbolic representations that carve continuous phenomena into meaningful units—are central to human cognition. Qualitative representations provide a basis for commonsense reasoning, because they enable practical reasoning with very little data; this makes qualitative representations a useful component of natural language semantics. Qualitative representations also provide a foundation for expert reasoning in science and engineering by making explicit the broad categories of things that might happen and enabling causal models that help guide the application of more quantitative knowledge as needed. Qualitative representations are important for creating more human-like artificial intelligence systems with capabilities for spatial reasoning, vision, question answering, and understanding natural language. Forbus discusses, among other topics, basic ideas of knowledge representation and reasoning; qualitative process theory; qualitative simulation and reasoning about change; compositional modeling; qualitative spatial reasoning; and learning and conceptual change. His argument is notable both for presenting an approach to qualitative reasoning in which analogical reasoning and learning play crucial roles and for marshaling a wide variety of evidence, including the performance of AI systems. Cognitive scientists will find Forbus's account of qualitative representations illuminating; AI scientists will value Forbus's new approach to qualitative representations and the overview he offers.
Author: Mark J. Lattery
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1681236303
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
Deep Learning in Introductory Physics: Exploratory Studies of Model?Based Reasoning is concerned with the broad question of how students learn physics in a model?centered classroom. The diverse, creative, and sometimes unexpected ways students construct models, and deal with intellectual conflict, provide valuable insights into student learning and cast a new vision for physics teaching. This book is the first publication in several years to thoroughly address the “coherence versus fragmentation” debate in science education, and the first to advance and explore the hypothesis that deep science learning is regressive and revolutionary. Deep Learning in Introductory Physics also contributes to a growing literature on the use of history and philosophy of science to confront difficult theoretical and practical issues in science teaching, and addresses current international concern over the state of science education and appropriate standards for science teaching and learning. The book is divided into three parts. Part I introduces the framework, agenda, and educational context of the book. An initial study of student modeling raises a number of questions about the nature and goals of physics education. Part II presents the results of four exploratory case studies. These studies reproduce the results of Part I with a more diverse sample of students; under new conditions (a public debate, peer discussions, and group interviews); and with new research prompts (model?building software, bridging tasks, and elicitation strategies). Part III significantly advances the emergent themes of Parts I and II through historical analysis and a review of physics education research. ENDORSEMENTS: "In Deep Learning in Introductory Physics, Lattery describes his extremely innovative course in which students' ideas about motion are elicited, evaluated with peers, and revised through experiment and discussion. The reader can see the students' deep engagement in constructive scientific modeling, while students deal with counter-intuitive ideas about motion that challenged Galileo in many of the same ways. Lattery captures students engaging in scientific thinking skills, and building difficult conceptual understandings at the same time. This is the 'double outcome' that many science educators have been searching for. The case studies provide inspiring examples of innovative course design, student sensemaking and reasoning, and deep conceptual change." ~ John Clement, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Scientific Reasoning Research Institute "Deep Learning in Introductory Physics is an extraordinary book and an important intellectual achievement in many senses. It offers new perspectives on science education that will be of interest to practitioners, to education researchers, as well as to philosophers and historians of science. Lattery combines insights into model-based thinking with instructive examples from the history of science, such as Galileo’s struggles with understanding accelerated motion, to introduce new ways of teaching science. The book is based on first-hand experiences with innovative teaching methods, reporting student’s ideas and discussions about motion as an illustration of how modeling and model-building can help understanding science. Its lively descriptions of these experiences and its concise presentations of insights backed by a rich literature on education, cognitive science, and the history and philosophy of science make it a great read for everybody interested in how models shape thinking processes." ~ Dr. Jürgen Renn, Director, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Author: Marcus Giaquinto
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199285942
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 298
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Book Description
Drawing from philosophical work on the nature of concepts and from empirical studies of visual perception, mental imagery, and numerical cognition, Giaquinto explores a major source of our grasp of mathematics, using examples from basic geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and real analysis.
Author: Patrick King
Publisher: PublishDrive
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Think smarter, better, and faster. Clear thinking is the key to truth, wisdom, and knowledge. Whether it’s from ourselves or others, we rarely see the world as it really is. We aren’t able to think clearly. We build our beliefs on lies, assumptions, and deceptions. This ends now. Practical methods to never be fooled, stop making mistakes, and avoid traps. The Art of Clear Thinking takes an in-depth look at the everyday illusions we come across, and how to defeat them once and for all. What makes us jump to conclusions, evaluate incorrectly, and consistently make errors when we should know better? Why do we act against our own interests so frequently? It’s just how we’re wired. But it doesn’t have to stay that way. This book gives you the tools to clear the fog from your eyes and simply think smarter. Practical methods to instantly be quick-witted, more insightful, and think more critically. Patrick King is an internationally bestselling author and social skills coach. He has sold over a million books. His writing draws of a variety of sources, from research, academic experience, coaching, and real life experience. Discover and avoid biases, blind spots, and poor logic. •The key to intellectual honesty and the biggest obstacle (that you control). •Just how flawed and biased your perceptions, perspectives, and feelings are. •Real logic and the fake logic people try to use to fool you. •How to think independently without being influenced by others. •Principles from some of history’s greatest thinkers: Descartes, Darwin, Einstein, and more.
Author: John R. Shook
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030617734
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 298
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Book Description
This book gathers together novel essays on the state-of-the-art research into the logic and practice of abduction. In many ways, abduction has become established and essential to several fields, such as logic, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and methodology. In recent years this interest in abduction’s many aspects and functions has accelerated. There are evidently several different interpretations and uses for abduction. Many fundamental questions on abduction remain open. How is abduction manifested in human cognition and intelligence? What kinds or types of abduction can be discerned? What is the role for abduction in inquiry and mathematical discovery? The chapters aim at providing answer to these and other current questions. Their contributors have been at the forefront of discussions on abduction, and offer here their updated approaches to the issues that they consider central to abduction’s contemporary relevance. The book is an essential reading for any scholar or professional keeping up with disciplines impacted by the study of abductive reasoning, and its novel development and applications in various fields.
Author: Bharath Sriraman
Publisher: Birkhäuser
ISBN: 331961231X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 357
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Book Description
This Festschrift contains numerous colorful and eclectic essays from well-known mathematicians, philosophers, logicians, and linguists celebrating the 90th birthday of Reuben Hersh. The essays offer, in part, attempts to answer the following questions set forth by Reuben himself as a focus for this volume: Can practicing mathematicians, as such, contribute anything to the philosophy of math? Can or should philosophers of math, as such, say anything to practicing mathematicians? Twenty or fifty years from now, what will be similar, and what will, or could, or should be altogether different: About the philosophy of math? About math education? About math research institutions? About data processing and scientific computing? The essays also offer glimpses into Reuben’s fertile mind and his lasting influence on the mathematical community, as well as revealing the diverse roots, obstacles and philosophical dispositions that characterize the working lives of mathematicians. With contributions from a veritable “who’s who” list of 20th century luminaries from mathematics and philosophy, as well as from Reuben himself, this volume will appeal to a wide variety of readers from curious undergraduates to prominent mathematicians.
