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Languages : en
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The use of photonics for phased-array applications has been discussed for quite some time. Main difficulties up to now have been the component count and cost for relatively complex systems. The advances in photonic integration are very promising to bring down both, as well as reduce volume and weight of phased-array beamforming networks as compared to their electrical counterparts. In addition, photonics allows for increased functionality for wide-bandwidth systems. This paper reports on these advances and indicates the strategy to applicable photonic phased-arrays.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The use of photonics for phased-array applications has been discussed for quite some time. Main difficulties up to now have been the component count and cost for relatively complex systems. The advances in photonic integration are very promising to bring down both, as well as reduce volume and weight of phased-array beamforming networks as compared to their electrical counterparts. In addition, photonics allows for increased functionality for wide-bandwidth systems. This paper reports on these advances and indicates the strategy to applicable photonic phased-arrays.
Author: Francis A. Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 135
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Book Description
"Integrated optical phased arrays (OPAs) are rapidly becoming one of the most promising technologies for future light detection and ranging (LIDAR) applications, thanks to their advantages in size, weight, and power consumption as compared to conventional solutions. Large-scale OPAs can leverage high integration densities of electronic-photonic integrated circuit technology to generate finer beamwidth, better beamsteering control, and higher optical power. Free-space optical interconnects (FSOI) are emerging as an attractive alternative to planar electrical interconnects for inter- and intra-chip data communications. By leveraging the third dimension above the chip surface, FSOI solutions can offer higher bandwidth density compared to on-chip, waveguide-based solutions. Through 3-D integration, low cost, CMOS-compatible, silicon photonic FSOI systems for high performance data center communications are within reach. The versatility of integrated OPAs can address the accurate alignment requirements of such systems to ensure robust link performance. At optical frequencies, the conventional design of phased arrays relies on the Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD method explicitly calculates the evolution of the array pattern from a finely discretized spatial representation of the entire array over a short time scale. Thus, computation accuracy is directly traded for simulation time. In addition, the modeling techniques to manage this tradeoff do not accommodate asymmetric arrays or allow array analysis at the system level. In this work, I present an OPA circuit design based on the synthesis method, which significantly relaxes the computational cost, time, and accuracy tradeoffs of OPA design at optical frequencies by using the radiation pattern of a single emitter element to synthesize that of the whole array. Instead of modeling an entire emitter array using the FDTD method, the synthesis approach requires only a single emitter to be simulated using 3-D FDTD. A design flow based on phased array synthesis allows accurate and robust modeling of arbitrary 1-D and 2-D OPAs, and enables optimization of device parameters and array coefficients across the device and system levels. OPAs serving FSOI and LIDAR applications require scalable architectures, and full phase control for 2-D, grating-lobe free beamsteering. 2-D phased array beamsteering can be efficiently achieved with 2-D apertures. However, significant design challenges emerge when 2-D apertures are scaled. The number of individually addressable emitters within a 2-D aperture is limited by the number of waveguides that can be interwoven between the emitters. As the emitter pitch is increased to accommodate the waveguides, the grating lobe pitch decreases, and the field-of-view of the array is reduced. Furthermore, independent phase control of each emitter is necessary to maximize beamsteering range. For each emitter, a corresponding phase shifter is required. Thus, power consumption scales with the number of emitters within the aperture. A non-uniform distribution of emitters in a sparse array configuration can relax the design tradeoffs of scaling a 2-D aperture. In an optimized sparse array, the beamforming performance of the uniform array is preserved with significantly fewer emitters. Thus, fewer phase shifters are required and beamsteering power consumption is reduced. However, there is no closed-form solution to guide the optimization of a 2-D sparse aperture. Conventional sparse aperture design relies on the genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm numerically emulates the evolutionary behaviors of DNA: mutation, crossover, and natural selection. For large apertures at optical frequencies, the genetic algorithm quickly becomes computationally prohibitive when compounded with hundreds to thousands of iterations. In addition, the optimized layout of emitters follows the uniform grid of the reference array. Arrays with a non-grid geometry may possess desirable pattern properties. However, these potential solutions lie outside the solution space and are treated as outliers by the genetic algorithm. The phased array synthesis design flow is used to develop a new technique for sparse OPA design by layout-constrained, array factor (LCAF) optimization. Instead of evaluating a large set of potential solutions, the LCAF method reduces the sparse optimization problem to three fundamental arrays, and leverages a triangular array geometry to achieve a scalable OPA aperture. The triangular array is distributed in a diagonally asymmetric configuration to increase waveguide routing area, and preserve the beamforming properties of an equivalent dense array. This diagonally asymmetric array geometry is designed to potentially increase orthogonal free-space optical beam steering range compared to conventional rectangular grid OPA geometries. The synthesis method is used to develop an OPA chip prototype in a standard silicon photonic technology. A technique is developed to leverage the natural static bias of the optical waveguide channels to reduce the power required for beamsteering control. Further, multi-function optical beam control is explored through subarray beam splitting. The fabricated chip prototype is packaged and tested in a custom free-space imaging test bench. A closed-loop, component-to-system optimization is used in both circuit design and testing. The measured beamwidth of the sparse OPA is 2.13 degrees in phi and 0.67 degrees in theta. The measured grating lobe free beamsteering range in phi is 20 degrees, and in theta is 24 degrees. The measurement results agree with the simulations and are successfully verified by the design"--Pages x-xii
Author: José Capmany
Publisher:
ISBN: 0198844409
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
This book provides the first comprehensive, up-to-date and self-contained introduction to the emergent field of Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP). It covers both theoretical and practical aspects, ranging from basic technologies and the building of photonic component blocks, to designalternatives and principles of complex programmable photonic circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control, and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focusesmainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics, as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.After some years during which the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there has been an increasing interest in PIP. The rising interest in PIP is justified by the surge in a number of emerging applications that callfor true flexibility and reconfigurability, as well as low-cost, compact, and low-power consuming devices.Programmable Integrated Photonics is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming, can implement a variety of functionalities. These in turn can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmabilityenables, by means of external control signals, both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation, as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operations due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows for the activation of parts of the chip,which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality, but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections.
Author: Nabeel A. Riza
Publisher: SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 736
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Book Description
Topics in this volume include: antenna beamforming using optical processor; novel optical techniques for phased-array processing; and optically-controlled phased array radar receiver using SLM switched real time delays.
Author: Ami Yaacobi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
It is no wonder that research in Si photonics (optical components embedded on a silicon platform) has bloomed so rapidly the last few years. Combining low loss, strong refractive index contrast (and, thus, light confinement), with electro-optical and thermo-optical effects, allows for the fabrication of dense and complex electro-optical Si photonics systems. Moreover, because it is based on the well-established platforms of the CMOS industry, Si photonics is expected to rapidly shift from a research field to the production of high volume, low cost, complex, integrated electro-optical systems. One class of systems receiving increasing interest are Nanophotonic Phased Arrays (NPAs), which offer free space emission of a manipulated beam that can be steered, focused, have controlled angular momentum and even create holograms. Still, some substantial challenges remain in applying these NPAs to real systems. Large cell size and spacing between adjacent antennas produce multiple beams and reduce effective steering angle. In addition, small beam angle requirements and large aperture in NPAs receivers demand large phased array size. In order to allow for both steering angle and large aperture, a large array with small cell size is required resulting large number of unit cells in one array. In this work, we first propose two metallic nanoantennas to couple between a waveguide mode to free space radiation. Then, by combining existing Si photonic components like directional couplers and modulators with optical antennas and phase shifters that were designed for this goal we demonstrate, in this work, several NPAs for various applications. Using unique architecture, we then, specifically focus on a, NPA based, lidar. These lidar systems are essential components in any autonomous system maneuvering in an undefined environment. An on chip lidar like this one can serve, for example, in the automotive industry for safety enhancement and to allow autonomous driving functionality at an affordable price.
Author: Paul Payson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Several relatively new photonic components have recently come to the forefront in applications related to the photonic processing of broadband microwave signals. Included in this set of photonic elements are the wavelength tunable laser, high dispersion optical fiber, and the Bragg reflection grating. These components hold the promise of revolutionizing the field of broadband photonic processing. This report documents the performance characteristics of these components and shows how they can be used for two broadband phased array applications, beamforming and null steering. Two systems are described. A technical overview is presented for each system with experimental data provided to demonstrate the performance of each system. Both systems described herein maximize component reuse and fully integrate transmit and receive modes in efficient hardware compressive topologies.
Author: Manan Raval
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
The compatibility of silicon photonic platforms with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes has facilitated a surge in the development of silicon-based integrated optical phased arrays (OPAs) for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and free-space communications. However, silicon is limited to operating at infrared wavelengths since its bandgap prevents visible light transmission. The development of integrated OPAs for arbitrary complex wavefront synthesis in the visible spectrum would enable the expansion of this technology into a multitude of new applications spaces such as optical trapping, imaging through scattering media, underwater LiDAR, optogenetic stimulation, and three-dimensional (3D) displays. Silicon nitride, a CMOS-compatible material that is transparent in the visible spectrum, may be used as the waveguiding material in phased array systems designed for the above applications. In this work, we develop large-scale visible light integrated OPA systems fabricated in a silicon-nitride-based platform for 3D display applications. We begin by presenting the first demonstrations of visible light integrated OPAs. Building on this, we demonstrate a chip-scale architecture for autostereoscopic image projection using a system of multiple integrated OPAs to reconstruct virtual light fields. Specically, we generate a static virtual 3D image with horizontal parallax and a viewing angle of 5. Next, we present an architecture for realizing a transparent near-eye direct-view augmented/mixed reality (AR/MR) display using a system of integrated OPAs to directly project holographic images onto the user's retina. This display architecture was developed to address the deficiencies in current AR/MR headsets with respect to brightness, field of view (FOV), and the vergence-accommodation conflict, which causes eye fatigue. Here, we present a passive demonstration of the display as well as a number of key photonic components required to realize a system for 3D video.
Author: Manan Raval
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 85
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Book Description
Previously demonstrated integrated optical phased arrays have primarily been implemented in silicon-based platforms and have therefore been limited to operation at infrared wavelengths, where silicon provides low-loss transmission. Developing integrated optical phased arrays for visible wavelengths would enable the exploration of new applications for this technology, such as autostereoscopic displays and neuronal targeting for optogenetics. The work presented in this thesis involves the development of visible light integrated optical phased array components and systems with a focus on autostereoscopic image projection applications. Practical 3D microdisplay applications will require (1) large-aperture phased array systems for diffraction minimization, (2) integrated phase modulation for implementing dynamically reconfigurable phased array antenna elements, and (3) a phased array system architecture for accurately encoding the light field of virtual objects. Integrated photonic architectures for all three aforementioned goals are investigated in this thesis. With respect to the first goal, a 1x1 mm2 aperture visible light phased array with a near diffraction limited far-field spot size is demonstrated. With respect to the second goal, the design of an integrated phase modulator based on the electro-optic tuning of a nematic liquid crystal waveguide cladding layer is developed and a near-x phase shift is demonstrated in a fabricated device. Finally, an autostereoscopic image projection system comprised of multiple tiled phased arrays configured to project a virtual image with parallax in one dimension within an 8.58° field of view is demonstrated.
Author: David L. Andrews
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119011779
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 542
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Book Description
Discusses the basic physical principles underlying the technology instrumentation of photonics This volume discusses photonics technology and instrumentation. The topics discussed in this volume are: Communication Networks; Data Buffers; Defense and Security Applications; Detectors; Fiber Optics and Amplifiers; Green Photonics; Instrumentation and Metrology; Interferometers; Light-Harvesting Materials; Logic Devices; Optical Communications; Remote Sensing; Solar Energy; Solid-State Lighting; Wavelength Conversion Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonics Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of light Deals with the rapidly advancing area of modern optics Chapters are written by top scientists in their field Written for the graduate level student in physical sciences; Industrial and academic researchers in photonics, graduate students in the area; College lecturers, educators, policymakers, consultants, Scientific and technical libraries, government laboratories, NIH.
Author: Anne Vilcot
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 038730651X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 580
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Book Description
This cross-disciplinary title features contributions by key-note specialists from Europe, Israel and the United States. It deals with the rapidly growing area of microwave photonics, and includes an extended study of the interactions between optical signals and microwave and millimetre-wave electrical signals for broadband applications.
