Patterns and Drivers of Nearshore Coastal Air-sea CO2 Exchange PDF Download
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Author: Kirstin Lee Skadberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical oceanography
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
CO2 uptake in a nearshore coastal ocean was directly measured using eddy covariance over 27 months in the mid-latitude eastern Pacific. The average annual CO2 uptake during the study was 11.8 mol C m−2yr−1 roughly 25 times greater than the global ocean average. Distinct temporal patterns of CO2 uptake were resolved at diurnal, and seasonal scales. Regression analysis of variance indicates that the major drivers of the observed patterns of uptake are related to photosynthesis, with both photosynthetically active radiation and sea surface temperature explaining more of the variability than wind. Warmer sea surface temperatures were correlated with stronger CO2 uptake, the opposite of what would be expected if the "solubility pump" were in action. Air-sea CO2 flux values calculated using the pCO2 data and a constant k value of 10 cm hr−1 were only 25% of the magnitude of direct eddy covariance measurements. The average k value calculated using eddy covariance CO2 flux and delta pCO2 values was 48.8 cm hr−1. Use of the eddy covariance method to directly measure CO2 exchange at the air-sea interface in coastal waters avoids key uncertainties encountered when exchange is calculated using pCO2 differences and k-wind speed relationships, and it is suggested that the discrepancies that have been observed between eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements and pCO2 models could be the result of inadequate inclusion of complexities in pCO2 models, and that direct measurement via eddy covariance is the preferred method in coastal regions. It is concluded that global kelp and sea grass communities could be taking up as much as 2.1 x 1014 g C (0.21 Pg C) of atmospheric CO2 each year. Therefore, macrophyte ecosystems, which comprise between 0.6-2.2% of the surface area of the ocean could be responsible for as much as 10% of the value currently estimated for total global ocean CO2 uptake
Author: Kirstin Lee Skadberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical oceanography
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
CO2 uptake in a nearshore coastal ocean was directly measured using eddy covariance over 27 months in the mid-latitude eastern Pacific. The average annual CO2 uptake during the study was 11.8 mol C m−2yr−1 roughly 25 times greater than the global ocean average. Distinct temporal patterns of CO2 uptake were resolved at diurnal, and seasonal scales. Regression analysis of variance indicates that the major drivers of the observed patterns of uptake are related to photosynthesis, with both photosynthetically active radiation and sea surface temperature explaining more of the variability than wind. Warmer sea surface temperatures were correlated with stronger CO2 uptake, the opposite of what would be expected if the "solubility pump" were in action. Air-sea CO2 flux values calculated using the pCO2 data and a constant k value of 10 cm hr−1 were only 25% of the magnitude of direct eddy covariance measurements. The average k value calculated using eddy covariance CO2 flux and delta pCO2 values was 48.8 cm hr−1. Use of the eddy covariance method to directly measure CO2 exchange at the air-sea interface in coastal waters avoids key uncertainties encountered when exchange is calculated using pCO2 differences and k-wind speed relationships, and it is suggested that the discrepancies that have been observed between eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements and pCO2 models could be the result of inadequate inclusion of complexities in pCO2 models, and that direct measurement via eddy covariance is the preferred method in coastal regions. It is concluded that global kelp and sea grass communities could be taking up as much as 2.1 x 1014 g C (0.21 Pg C) of atmospheric CO2 each year. Therefore, macrophyte ecosystems, which comprise between 0.6-2.2% of the surface area of the ocean could be responsible for as much as 10% of the value currently estimated for total global ocean CO2 uptake
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the coastal zone are controlled by complex physical and biological interactions. The important physical processes include the presence of sea ice, upwelling, and tidal sloshing. Biological processes of interest include photosynthesis and respiration. This study examined these controls, interactions, and the resultant patterns of flux, in three coastal seas off of Barrow in Alaska, Bodega Bay in northern California, and San Diego in southern California with distinctive overarching controls on net CO2 flux. CO2 flux was measured by eddy covariance and bulk method. The eddy covariance system on a mobile platform was also tested for measuring CO2 flux at kelp forests near the coast of San Diego. CO2 flux from the nearshore water off Barrow and San Diego showed high sinks of CO2 to the ocean, and correlation analyses with environmental parameters revealed that these systems were highly regulated by biological control. The alongshore water of Barrow was a strong sink of CO2 (up to 2 g C m-2 day-1) in summer despite terrestrial inputs, and the temporal patterns of CO2 flux was highly influenced by physical and biological influence of ice sheets and phytoplankton bloom. On the other hand, inter-annual pattern of CO2 sink in the alongshore water in San Diego was likely related to primary productivity enhanced by upwelling and adjacent kelp stands. The long-term record of CO2 flux from San Diego revealed the study area was a sink of CO2 with the average annual value of 200 g C m-2 yr-1. On the contrary, the coastal sea off of Bodega Bay was consistently a source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 420 g C m-2 yr-1, and the magnitude of CO2 flux was highly controlled by upwelling intensity that was reflected in sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll density. The magnitude of CO2 fluxes from all the three sites were about two orders higher than variations of CO2 flux typically observed in the open ocean suggesting an importance of the role of the coastal seas in understanding the global carbon budget.
Author: Hiroki Ikawa
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303153693
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the coastal zone are controlled by complex physical and biological interactions. The important physical processes include the presence of sea ice, upwelling, and tidal sloshing. Biological processes of interest include photosynthesis and respiration. This study examined these controls, interactions, and the resultant patterns of flux, in three coastal seas off of Barrow in Alaska, Bodega Bay in northern California, and San Diego in southern California with distinctive overarching controls on net CO2 flux. CO2 flux was measured by eddy covariance and bulk method. The eddy covariance system on a mobile platform was also tested for measuring CO2 flux at kelp forests near the coast of San Diego. CO2 flux from the nearshore water off Barrow and San Diego showed high sinks of CO2 to the ocean, and correlation analyses with environmental parameters revealed that these systems were highly regulated by biological control. The alongshore water of Barrow was a strong sink of CO2 (up to 2 g C m−2 day−1) in summer despite terrestrial inputs, and the temporal patterns of CO2 flux was highly influenced by physical and biological influence of ice sheets and phytoplankton bloom. On the other hand, inter-annual pattern of CO2 sink in the alongshore water in San Diego was likely related to primary productivity enhanced by upwelling and adjacent kelp stands. The long-term record of CO2 flux from San Diego revealed the study area was a sink of CO2 with the average annual value of 200 g C m−2 day−1. On the contrary, the coastal sea off of Bodega Bay was consistently a source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 420 g C m−2 day−1, and the magnitude of CO2 flux was highly controlled by upwelling intensity that was reflected in sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll density. The magnitude of CO2 fluxes from all the three sites were about two orders higher than variations of CO2 flux typically observed in the open ocean suggesting an importance of the role of the coastal seas in understanding the global carbon budget.
Author: Peter S. Liss
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3642256430
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 366
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Book Description
The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Author: Suki Cheuk-Kiu Wong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
We find that the dominant mode of decadal air-sea CO2 flux variability exhibits strong synchronous signals over the tropical Pacific and Southern Ocean. We suggest that the synchronicity between the tropical Pacific and the Southern Ocean is modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, which is connected to the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). The composite patterns over the tropical Pacific can be explained by ENSO-like mechanisms operating on the decadal timescale, while the composite patterns over the Southern Ocean show a different regime where the westerly winds weakened over the composite period, the mixed layer shoaled, and the Southern Ocean sink weakened. Using a box model, we show that this reduction in mixed layer entrainment drives an accumulation of DIC in the mixed layer, which, when amplified by the high Revelle factor in the Southern Ocean, results in a 14-fold amplification in the surface pCO2, reducing the ocean's capacity to uptake CO2.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781009157971
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 755
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Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Christopher Osburn
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832504922
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 171
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789289341639
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Abstract: The uptake rates of atmospheric CO2 in the Nordic Seas, and particularly the shelf waters around Greenland, are among the highest in the world@0394@03C3s oceans. The driving factors behind the air-sea exchange of CO2 in open waters are the difference between the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the atmosphere and the surface waters, leading to an uptake in areas where the pCO2 of surface waters is lower. Because the coastal area of Greenland is very sensitive to climate change, and because it takes up more CO2 relative to other marine areas, a realistic estimate of the exchange rates is crucial in order to obtain reliable assessments of the CO2 uptake by the Greenlandic coastal area. The results from present study reveal the importance of a diminishing sea ice cover; and it is clear that the wind climate is essential to the surface uptake of CO2
Author: Yassir Eddebbar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 165
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Book Description
The exchanges of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and heat across the air-sea interface have broad and profound implications for climate and marine ecosystems. In this thesis, I use observations and models to improve our process understanding of how natural climate variability modulates these exchanges. In chapter 2, I investigate the impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on air-sea O2 exchange. I use atmospheric inversions of global, continuous timeseries of atmospheric O2 and CO2 and ocean models to evaluate links between ENSO and air-sea O2 exchange and explore driving mechanisms using ocean and atmospheric models. I find that El Niño events lead to anomalous outgassing of oceanic O2, a response that is driven primarily by changes in the source and intensity of upwelling in the equatorial Pacific. In Chapter 3, I examine the impacts of tropical volcanic eruptions on air-sea exchanges of O2, CO2 and heat using coupled model simulations and observations. Here, I find that volcanic events lead to substantial oceanic heat loss that is accompanied by large oceanic uptakes of oxygen and carbon. An El Niño-like pattern emerges following tropical eruptions and plays a major role in modulating the oceanic response to volcanic forcing. In Chapter 4, I explore the use of global continuous atmospheric measurements of O2 and CO2 to evaluate claims that enhanced ocean heat uptake caused the recent global surface warming hiatus, based on a potential negative relationship between air-sea heat and gas exchange. Here, I find that the relationship between air-sea oxygen, carbon and heat fluxes due to natural variability is complex; air-sea heat and O2 exchange are positively coupled in the tropical Pacific, but are negatively coupled at higher latitudes. This spatially distinct relationship complicates the attribution of observed decadal trends in atmospheric O2 and CO2 to changes in ocean heat uptake, but may present an opporunitity to develop regional constraints. Collectively, the results of this thesis contribute to a quantitative and mechanistic framework enabling interpretation of O2 and CO2 trends in the context of ongoing ocean warming and deoxygenation.
Author: Pierre Marrec
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air-sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve.
