Author: Joel Busch
Publisher: Passkey Publications
ISBN: 9781935664604
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, designed for those who will take their exams in the Prometric testing window that runs from May 1, 2020, to Feb. 28, 2021. This year's edition includes the tax law changes of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which was signed into law on Dec. 20, 2019.
PassKey Learning Systems EA Review Part 1 Individuals; Enrolled Agent Study Guide
Author: Joel Busch
Publisher: Passkey Publications
ISBN: 9781935664604
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, designed for those who will take their exams in the Prometric testing window that runs from May 1, 2020, to Feb. 28, 2021. This year's edition includes the tax law changes of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which was signed into law on Dec. 20, 2019.
Publisher: Passkey Publications
ISBN: 9781935664604
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, designed for those who will take their exams in the Prometric testing window that runs from May 1, 2020, to Feb. 28, 2021. This year's edition includes the tax law changes of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which was signed into law on Dec. 20, 2019.
Passkey EA Review Complete
Author: Richard Gramkow
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664291
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 804
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2013. This is an in-depth study guide for all three parts of the IRS Enrolled Agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and numerous concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. More than 800 targeted study questions and answers prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2014 to February 28, 2015 testing window. This study guide covers the following: Part 1: Taxation of individuals. Part 2: Taxation of businesses, including partnerships, corporations, sole proprietorships, estates, and trusts. Part 3: Representation, practice, and procedures. This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. For more study help, PassKey Publications also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664291
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 804
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2013. This is an in-depth study guide for all three parts of the IRS Enrolled Agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and numerous concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. More than 800 targeted study questions and answers prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2014 to February 28, 2015 testing window. This study guide covers the following: Part 1: Taxation of individuals. Part 2: Taxation of businesses, including partnerships, corporations, sole proprietorships, estates, and trusts. Part 3: Representation, practice, and procedures. This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. For more study help, PassKey Publications also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
PassKey Learning Systems EA Review Part 2 Businesses; Enrolled Agent Study Guide
Author: Joel Busch
Publisher: Passkey Publications
ISBN: 9781935664680
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 434
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly-revised and thoroughly updated for the current tax year. This year's edition includes the sweeping, last-minute tax law changes of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020, which was signed into law on December 20, 2019. The Act extends 34 tax provisions that either had already expired or that were scheduled to expire. This is an in-depth study guide for Part 2 of the IRS Enrolled Agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and numerous concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. Part 2: Businesses covers the special tax laws that apply to various types of entities, including sole proprietorships; partnerships; C and S corporations; farming businesses, trusts, and estates; employer-provided retirement plans; and tax-exempt organizations. Also covered are business income, expenses, deductions, and credits, accounting methods and procedures; business assets; tangible property regulations; and much more. This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. For more study help, PassKey Publications also offers a three-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Publisher: Passkey Publications
ISBN: 9781935664680
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 434
Book Description
Learn how to become an Enrolled Agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly-revised and thoroughly updated for the current tax year. This year's edition includes the sweeping, last-minute tax law changes of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020, which was signed into law on December 20, 2019. The Act extends 34 tax provisions that either had already expired or that were scheduled to expire. This is an in-depth study guide for Part 2 of the IRS Enrolled Agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and numerous concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. Part 2: Businesses covers the special tax laws that apply to various types of entities, including sole proprietorships; partnerships; C and S corporations; farming businesses, trusts, and estates; employer-provided retirement plans; and tax-exempt organizations. Also covered are business income, expenses, deductions, and credits, accounting methods and procedures; business assets; tangible property regulations; and much more. This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. For more study help, PassKey Publications also offers a three-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3
Author: Bova Books LLC
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 338
Book Description
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for All Parts This enrolled agent exam study guide will help you prepare for your IRS SEE exam (Special Enrollment Examination) with TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS FOR EACH PART. This book helps you prepare to become an enrolled agent through multiple practice exams and detailed answers, making it the perfect way to prepare for the enrolled agent exam. Everything you need for all 3 parts in one consolidated manual. Representative difficulty and topics for the IRS EA Exam The practice exams are developed specifically from the IRS content outlines with representative difficulty and distribution of questions. The book is currently updated for the 2020 - 2021 testing cycle. We focus on the topics specific to the exam to have you studying efficiently and not wasting time in your EA exam preparation. 600 Practice questions for the Enrolled Agent Exam The book includes TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS FOR EACH PART with detailed solutions indicating why the answer is correct. Prepare yourself for test day by simulating the exam with the topics and difficulty you will see in the real EA examination. Practice exams have been proven to be one of the best methods of enrolled agent exam preparation, making this book the perfect guide to help you pass the IRS EA exam. How to become an Enrolled Agent This enrolled agent study guide 2020/21 has been developed to help you achieve your professional goals. Too often, study material for EA exams is over-priced and unfocused. This book provides relevant material identified from the licensing board to ensure you can pass your IRS EA exam. Don't waste time and money sieving through unnecessary or overly complicated study material. Study more efficiently with our guide - you won't be disappointed!
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 338
Book Description
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for All Parts This enrolled agent exam study guide will help you prepare for your IRS SEE exam (Special Enrollment Examination) with TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS FOR EACH PART. This book helps you prepare to become an enrolled agent through multiple practice exams and detailed answers, making it the perfect way to prepare for the enrolled agent exam. Everything you need for all 3 parts in one consolidated manual. Representative difficulty and topics for the IRS EA Exam The practice exams are developed specifically from the IRS content outlines with representative difficulty and distribution of questions. The book is currently updated for the 2020 - 2021 testing cycle. We focus on the topics specific to the exam to have you studying efficiently and not wasting time in your EA exam preparation. 600 Practice questions for the Enrolled Agent Exam The book includes TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS FOR EACH PART with detailed solutions indicating why the answer is correct. Prepare yourself for test day by simulating the exam with the topics and difficulty you will see in the real EA examination. Practice exams have been proven to be one of the best methods of enrolled agent exam preparation, making this book the perfect guide to help you pass the IRS EA exam. How to become an Enrolled Agent This enrolled agent study guide 2020/21 has been developed to help you achieve your professional goals. Too often, study material for EA exams is over-priced and unfocused. This book provides relevant material identified from the licensing board to ensure you can pass your IRS EA exam. Don't waste time and money sieving through unnecessary or overly complicated study material. Study more efficiently with our guide - you won't be disappointed!
The Deep Learning with Keras Workshop
Author: Matthew Moocarme
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1800564759
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
Discover how to leverage Keras, the powerful and easy-to-use open source Python library for developing and evaluating deep learning models Key FeaturesGet to grips with various model evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and AUC scoresExplore advanced concepts such as sequential memory and sequential modelingReinforce your skills with real-world development, screencasts, and knowledge checksBook Description New experiences can be intimidating, but not this one! This beginner's guide to deep learning is here to help you explore deep learning from scratch with Keras, and be on your way to training your first ever neural networks. What sets Keras apart from other deep learning frameworks is its simplicity. With over two hundred thousand users, Keras has a stronger adoption in industry and the research community than any other deep learning framework. The Deep Learning with Keras Workshop starts by introducing you to the fundamental concepts of machine learning using the scikit-learn package. After learning how to perform the linear transformations that are necessary for building neural networks, you'll build your first neural network with the Keras library. As you advance, you'll learn how to build multi-layer neural networks and recognize when your model is underfitting or overfitting to the training data. With the help of practical exercises, you'll learn to use cross-validation techniques to evaluate your models and then choose the optimal hyperparameters to fine-tune their performance. Finally, you'll explore recurrent neural networks and learn how to train them to predict values in sequential data. By the end of this book, you'll have developed the skills you need to confidently train your own neural network models. What you will learnGain insights into the fundamentals of neural networksUnderstand the limitations of machine learning and how it differs from deep learningBuild image classifiers with convolutional neural networksEvaluate, tweak, and improve your models with techniques such as cross-validationCreate prediction models to detect data patterns and make predictionsImprove model accuracy with L1, L2, and dropout regularizationWho this book is for If you know the basics of data science and machine learning and want to get started with advanced machine learning technologies like artificial neural networks and deep learning, then this is the book for you. To grasp the concepts explained in this deep learning book more effectively, prior experience in Python programming and some familiarity with statistics and logistic regression are a must.
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1800564759
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
Discover how to leverage Keras, the powerful and easy-to-use open source Python library for developing and evaluating deep learning models Key FeaturesGet to grips with various model evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and AUC scoresExplore advanced concepts such as sequential memory and sequential modelingReinforce your skills with real-world development, screencasts, and knowledge checksBook Description New experiences can be intimidating, but not this one! This beginner's guide to deep learning is here to help you explore deep learning from scratch with Keras, and be on your way to training your first ever neural networks. What sets Keras apart from other deep learning frameworks is its simplicity. With over two hundred thousand users, Keras has a stronger adoption in industry and the research community than any other deep learning framework. The Deep Learning with Keras Workshop starts by introducing you to the fundamental concepts of machine learning using the scikit-learn package. After learning how to perform the linear transformations that are necessary for building neural networks, you'll build your first neural network with the Keras library. As you advance, you'll learn how to build multi-layer neural networks and recognize when your model is underfitting or overfitting to the training data. With the help of practical exercises, you'll learn to use cross-validation techniques to evaluate your models and then choose the optimal hyperparameters to fine-tune their performance. Finally, you'll explore recurrent neural networks and learn how to train them to predict values in sequential data. By the end of this book, you'll have developed the skills you need to confidently train your own neural network models. What you will learnGain insights into the fundamentals of neural networksUnderstand the limitations of machine learning and how it differs from deep learningBuild image classifiers with convolutional neural networksEvaluate, tweak, and improve your models with techniques such as cross-validationCreate prediction models to detect data patterns and make predictionsImprove model accuracy with L1, L2, and dropout regularizationWho this book is for If you know the basics of data science and machine learning and want to get started with advanced machine learning technologies like artificial neural networks and deep learning, then this is the book for you. To grasp the concepts explained in this deep learning book more effectively, prior experience in Python programming and some familiarity with statistics and logistic regression are a must.
The Enrolled Agent Tax Consulting Practice Guide
Author: C. Pinheiro Ea Aba
Publisher: PassKey Enrolled Agent Review
ISBN: 9780982266045
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 275
Book Description
The main issue that tax practitioners face is how to grow and promote their practices. In talking with tax professionals, their questions are always the same:#13; #13; "How do I build up my client base?"#13; "Are engagement letters really necessary?"#13; "How do I encourage more client referrals?"#13; "How much should I charge for services?"#13; "How do I fire a bad client?"#13; #13; This book offers real answers to all of these burning questions. #13; #13; You will read multiple interviews with established, highly profitable EAs. You will hear how other EAs keep their practices profitable and keep clients (and money) rolling in. This book covers:#13; 1. Marketing techniques for enrolled agents#13; 2. How to use the internet and social networking to boost your community profile#13; 3. How to find profitable IRS representation cases#13; 4. How to avoid deadbeat clients#13; 5. How to get lucrative referrals from other professionals#13; #13; And much more!#13; If you have the tax knowledge and a desire to succeed in this business, this book will help you realize your own success.
Publisher: PassKey Enrolled Agent Review
ISBN: 9780982266045
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 275
Book Description
The main issue that tax practitioners face is how to grow and promote their practices. In talking with tax professionals, their questions are always the same:#13; #13; "How do I build up my client base?"#13; "Are engagement letters really necessary?"#13; "How do I encourage more client referrals?"#13; "How much should I charge for services?"#13; "How do I fire a bad client?"#13; #13; This book offers real answers to all of these burning questions. #13; #13; You will read multiple interviews with established, highly profitable EAs. You will hear how other EAs keep their practices profitable and keep clients (and money) rolling in. This book covers:#13; 1. Marketing techniques for enrolled agents#13; 2. How to use the internet and social networking to boost your community profile#13; 3. How to find profitable IRS representation cases#13; 4. How to avoid deadbeat clients#13; 5. How to get lucrative referrals from other professionals#13; #13; And much more!#13; If you have the tax knowledge and a desire to succeed in this business, this book will help you realize your own success.
Passkey Ea Review, Complete
Author: Collette Szymborski
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664215
Category : Income tax
Languages : en
Pages : 826
Book Description
Learn how to become an enrolled agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2012. This is an in-depth study guide for all three parts of the IRS enrolled agent exam. Using simple to understand language and concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. The numerous sample questions and answers at the end of each chapter prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 testing window. This textbook includes the following: Part 1: Individuals covers taxable and nontaxable income; filing requirements; deductions and credits; capital gains and losses; basis; rental income; estate and gift taxes; IRAs; and more. Part 2: Businesses covers tax law relating to C and S corporations; sole proprietorships; partnerships; exempt entities; farmers; business income and expenses; accounting methods; inventory valuation; business credits; basis; depreciation; disposition of business assets; retirement plans;trusts and estates; and more. Part 3: Representation covers issues relating to ethics and rules of practice for enrolled agents, including professional standards; preparer and taxpayer penalties; assessment, collection, and audit procedures; e-filing regulations; the major changes to Circular 230; and more. *Note: This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted by experts in the tax profession. It includes the last-minute tax changes of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.For more study help, PassKey also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664215
Category : Income tax
Languages : en
Pages : 826
Book Description
Learn how to become an enrolled agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2012. This is an in-depth study guide for all three parts of the IRS enrolled agent exam. Using simple to understand language and concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. The numerous sample questions and answers at the end of each chapter prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 testing window. This textbook includes the following: Part 1: Individuals covers taxable and nontaxable income; filing requirements; deductions and credits; capital gains and losses; basis; rental income; estate and gift taxes; IRAs; and more. Part 2: Businesses covers tax law relating to C and S corporations; sole proprietorships; partnerships; exempt entities; farmers; business income and expenses; accounting methods; inventory valuation; business credits; basis; depreciation; disposition of business assets; retirement plans;trusts and estates; and more. Part 3: Representation covers issues relating to ethics and rules of practice for enrolled agents, including professional standards; preparer and taxpayer penalties; assessment, collection, and audit procedures; e-filing regulations; the major changes to Circular 230; and more. *Note: This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted by experts in the tax profession. It includes the last-minute tax changes of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.For more study help, PassKey also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for Part 1 - Individuals
Author: Bova Books
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for Part 1 - Individuals This enrolled agent exam study guide will help you prepare for your IRS SEE exam (Special Enrollment Examination) Part 1 - Individuals with TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS. This book helps you prepare to become an enrolled agent through multiple practice exams and detailed answers, making it the perfect way to prepare for the enrolled agent exam part 1. Representative difficulty and topics for the IRS EA Exam Part 1 The practice exams are developed specifically from the IRS content outline with representative difficulty and distribution of questions. The book is currently updated for the 2020 - 2021 testing cycle. We focus on the topics specific to the exam to have you studying efficiently and not wasting time in your EA exam preparation. 200 Practice questions for the Enrolled Agent Exam The book includes TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS with detailed solutions indicating why the answer is correct. Prepare yourself for test day by simulating the exam with the topics and difficulty you will see in the real EA examination. Practice exams have been proven to be one of the best methods of enrolled agent exam preparation, making this book the perfect guide to help you pass the IRS EA exam. How to become an Enrolled Agent This enrolled agent study guide 2020/21 has been developed to help you achieve your professional goals. Too often, study material for EA exams is over-priced and unfocused. This book provides relevant material identified from the licensing board to ensure you can pass your IRS EA exam. Don't waste time and money sieving through unnecessary or overly complicated study material. Study more efficiently with our guide - you won't be disappointed!
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
Enrolled Agent Practice Exams for Part 1 - Individuals This enrolled agent exam study guide will help you prepare for your IRS SEE exam (Special Enrollment Examination) Part 1 - Individuals with TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS. This book helps you prepare to become an enrolled agent through multiple practice exams and detailed answers, making it the perfect way to prepare for the enrolled agent exam part 1. Representative difficulty and topics for the IRS EA Exam Part 1 The practice exams are developed specifically from the IRS content outline with representative difficulty and distribution of questions. The book is currently updated for the 2020 - 2021 testing cycle. We focus on the topics specific to the exam to have you studying efficiently and not wasting time in your EA exam preparation. 200 Practice questions for the Enrolled Agent Exam The book includes TWO FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE EXAMS with detailed solutions indicating why the answer is correct. Prepare yourself for test day by simulating the exam with the topics and difficulty you will see in the real EA examination. Practice exams have been proven to be one of the best methods of enrolled agent exam preparation, making this book the perfect guide to help you pass the IRS EA exam. How to become an Enrolled Agent This enrolled agent study guide 2020/21 has been developed to help you achieve your professional goals. Too often, study material for EA exams is over-priced and unfocused. This book provides relevant material identified from the licensing board to ensure you can pass your IRS EA exam. Don't waste time and money sieving through unnecessary or overly complicated study material. Study more efficiently with our guide - you won't be disappointed!
Passkey EA Review Part 2
Author: Christy Pinheiro
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664239
Category : Internal revenue law
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
Learn how to become an enrolled agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2012. This is an in-depth study guide for Part 2 of the IRS enrolled agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. The numerous sample questions and answers at the end of each chapter prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 testing window. Part 2: Businesses covers tax law relating to C and S corporations; sole proprietorships; partnerships; exempt entities; farmers; business income and expenses; accounting methods; inventory valuation; business credits; basis; depreciation; disposition of business assets; retirement plans; trusts and estates; and much more. *Note: This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. It includes the last-minute tax changes of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. For more study help, PassKey also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781935664239
Category : Internal revenue law
Languages : en
Pages : 418
Book Description
Learn how to become an enrolled agent with PassKey's comprehensive EA Review study program, newly revised and thoroughly updated for tax year 2012. This is an in-depth study guide for Part 2 of the IRS enrolled agent exam. Using simple-to-understand language and concrete examples, this study guide helps demystify complex tax law. The numerous sample questions and answers at the end of each chapter prepare you for the EA exam offered during the May 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 testing window. Part 2: Businesses covers tax law relating to C and S corporations; sole proprietorships; partnerships; exempt entities; farmers; business income and expenses; accounting methods; inventory valuation; business credits; basis; depreciation; disposition of business assets; retirement plans; trusts and estates; and much more. *Note: This book has been extensively updated and rigorously vetted for accuracy by experts in the tax profession. It includes the last-minute tax changes of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. For more study help, PassKey also offers a six-part practice exam workbook with detailed answers and explanations, so you can test yourself, time yourself, and learn!
Financing Metropolitan Governments in Developing Countries
Author: Roy W. Bahl
Publisher: Lincoln Inst of Land Policy
ISBN: 9781558442542
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Book Description
The economic activity that drives growth in developing countries is heavily concentrated in cities. Catchphrases such as “metropolitan areas are the engines that pull the national economy” turn out to be fairly accurate. But the same advantages of metropolitan areas that draw investment also draw migrants who need jobs and housing, lead to demands for better infrastructure and social services, and result in increased congestion, environmental harm, and social problems. The challenges for metropolitan public finance are to capture a share of the economic growth to adequately finance new and growing expenditures and to organize governance so that services can be delivered in a cost-effective way, giving the local population a voice in fiscal decision making. At the same time, care must be taken to avoid overregulation and overtaxation, which will hamper the now quite mobile economic engine of private investment and entrepreneurial initiative. Metropolitan planning has become a reality in most large urban areas, even though the planning agencies are often ineffective in moving things forward and in linking their plans with the fiscal and financial realities of metropolitan government. A growing number of success stories in metropolitan finance and management, together with accumulated experience and proper efforts and support, could be extended to a broader array of forward-looking programs to address the growing public service needs of metropolitan-area populations. Nevertheless, sweeping metropolitan-area fiscal reforms have been few and far between; the urban policy reform agenda is still a long one; and there is a reasonable prospect that closing the gaps between what we know how to do and what is actually being done will continue to be difficult and slow. This book identifies the most important issues in metropolitan governance and finance in developing countries, describes the practice, explores the gap between practice and what theory suggests should be done, and lays out the reform paths that might be considered. Part of the solution will rest in rethinking expenditure assignments and instruments of finance. The “right” approach also will depend on the flexibility of political leaders to relinquish some control in order to find a better solution to the metropolitan finance problem.
Publisher: Lincoln Inst of Land Policy
ISBN: 9781558442542
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Book Description
The economic activity that drives growth in developing countries is heavily concentrated in cities. Catchphrases such as “metropolitan areas are the engines that pull the national economy” turn out to be fairly accurate. But the same advantages of metropolitan areas that draw investment also draw migrants who need jobs and housing, lead to demands for better infrastructure and social services, and result in increased congestion, environmental harm, and social problems. The challenges for metropolitan public finance are to capture a share of the economic growth to adequately finance new and growing expenditures and to organize governance so that services can be delivered in a cost-effective way, giving the local population a voice in fiscal decision making. At the same time, care must be taken to avoid overregulation and overtaxation, which will hamper the now quite mobile economic engine of private investment and entrepreneurial initiative. Metropolitan planning has become a reality in most large urban areas, even though the planning agencies are often ineffective in moving things forward and in linking their plans with the fiscal and financial realities of metropolitan government. A growing number of success stories in metropolitan finance and management, together with accumulated experience and proper efforts and support, could be extended to a broader array of forward-looking programs to address the growing public service needs of metropolitan-area populations. Nevertheless, sweeping metropolitan-area fiscal reforms have been few and far between; the urban policy reform agenda is still a long one; and there is a reasonable prospect that closing the gaps between what we know how to do and what is actually being done will continue to be difficult and slow. This book identifies the most important issues in metropolitan governance and finance in developing countries, describes the practice, explores the gap between practice and what theory suggests should be done, and lays out the reform paths that might be considered. Part of the solution will rest in rethinking expenditure assignments and instruments of finance. The “right” approach also will depend on the flexibility of political leaders to relinquish some control in order to find a better solution to the metropolitan finance problem.