Red and Near-infrared Spectral Reflectance of Snow PDF Download
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Author: H. W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reflection (Optics).
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The spectral reflectance of snow in the range of 0.60 to 2.50 micrometers wavelengths was studied in a cold laboratory using natural snow and simulated preparations of snow. A white barium sulfate powder was used as the standard for comparison. The high reflectance (usually nearly 100%) of fresh natural snow in the visible wavelength declines rapidly at wavelengths near and beyond 0.80 micrometers, as the spectral absorption coefficients of ice increase. The rate of decline of near-infrared reflectance due to aging is strongly affected by the history of the snow during aging. Snow aged under certain conditions may retain 90% or so of its reflectance in the visible red, yet may be only about 10% as reflective as the original fresh snow beyond 2.2 micrometers. Several environmental factors such as ambient temperature and wind effects which contribute to the variability in snow reflectance are discussed.
Author: H. W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reflection (Optics).
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The spectral reflectance of snow in the range of 0.60 to 2.50 micrometers wavelengths was studied in a cold laboratory using natural snow and simulated preparations of snow. A white barium sulfate powder was used as the standard for comparison. The high reflectance (usually nearly 100%) of fresh natural snow in the visible wavelength declines rapidly at wavelengths near and beyond 0.80 micrometers, as the spectral absorption coefficients of ice increase. The rate of decline of near-infrared reflectance due to aging is strongly affected by the history of the snow during aging. Snow aged under certain conditions may retain 90% or so of its reflectance in the visible red, yet may be only about 10% as reflective as the original fresh snow beyond 2.2 micrometers. Several environmental factors such as ambient temperature and wind effects which contribute to the variability in snow reflectance are discussed.
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
Author: Malcolm Mellor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Spectral extinction measurements for the visual range were made on homogeneous snow samples prepared under controlled conditions, with snow density and grain size as variables. Comparative measurements were made on coarse-grained natural snow. Extinction coefficient nu was in the range 0.8 to 1.7/cm for fine-grained dense snow, and 0.16 to 0.37/cm for the coarse-grained snow. In the fine-grained snow, where scattering is thought to be the dominant attenuating process, there is a general decline in nu as wavelength lambda increases from 0.4 to 0.7 microns. In the coarse-grained snow, where absorption becomes significant, spectral selection was slight, with a weak minimum in the region 0.5 to 0.6 microns. When nu is related to density it must have a maximum value; limited data for fine-grained snow show this maximum in the density range 0.45 to 0.60 g/cc, and the density for maximum extinction is inversely related to wavelength. For a given density nu decreases as grain size increases, the rate of change varying with wavelength. Spectral reflectance measurements on natural snow are reported, and attenuation data are interpreted to give surface reflectivity for fine-grained snow. Diffuse reflection from fine-grained snow is believed to have little spectral dependence in the visual range, but with coarse-grained snow reflectance is expected to become inversely dependent on wavelength. It is suggested that optical principles might be applied in the measurement of snow structure, and also for remote sensing of snow-covered terrain. (Author).
Author: Harold W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 1126
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Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Frozen ground
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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Book Description
Author: Ali Nadir Arslan
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3036500707
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
The reprint book of the “Remote Sensing of Snow and Its Applications” Special Issue provides recent studies on all aspects of remote sensing of snow, from retrieving the data to the application. These studies mainly address the following: (a) New opportunities (Copernicus Sentinels) and emerging remote sensing methods, (b) use of snow data in modeling, and (c) characterization of snowpack.
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030865894
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 167
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Book Description
This book is the first book of its kind, focusing exclusively on the optical properties of snow. As a complex and turbid medium, snow is approached as a strongly light-scattering (in the visible spectrum) medium with large, nonspherical ice grains. The book discusses both experimental and theoretical results, as well as the remote sensing of snow using ground-based, airborne and satellite optical instrumentation. The book will be of particular importance for researchers studying snow characteristics (the size of grains, snow pollution and albedo) using various remote-sensing techniques.
Author: Thomas Foken
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030521710
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1761
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Book Description
This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians.
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Frozen ground
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
