Operation TEAPOT. Biological Effects of Pressure Phenomena Occurring Inside Protective Shelters Following a Nuclear Detonation PDF Download
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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In two series of experiments 277 experimental animals, including 66 dogs, 52 rabbits, 52 guinea pigs, 63 rats, and 44 mice, were exposed under selected conditions in six different general types of instrumented above- and below-ground shelters to blast produced by nuclear explosions. The distance of the several structures from Ground Zero ranged from 1050 to 5500 ft. The most severe alterations in the pressure environment occurring inside the structures followed the detonation of a nuclear device with a yield approximately 50 per cent greater than nominal. The highest overpressure to which animals were exposed was 85.8 psi, the rise time of which was 4 msec. The overpressure endured for about 570 msec. Overpressures ranged from this maximum downward in 15 other exposure situations to a minimum of 1.3 psi enduring for nearly 1346 msec but rising to a maximum in about 420 msec. The latter pressure occurred inside a reinforced concrete bathroom shelter, which was the only surviving part of a house otherwise totally destroyed, at 4700 ft where the outside incident pressure was about 5 psi. Following the nuclear explosions, all animals were recovered, examined, sacrificed, and subjected to gross and microscopic pathological study. All lesions were tabulated and described. The results of pressure-time data, documenting the variations on the pressure environment, are presented and analyzed, and an exploratory attempt is made to relate the alterations in the pressure environment to the associated pathology observed. A critical review of selected material from the blast and related literature is presented. All data are discussed, and the several problems related to the design and construction of protective shelters are noted and briefly, but analytically, assessed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
In two series of experiments 277 experimental animals, including 66 dogs, 52 rabbits, 52 guinea pigs, 63 rats, and 44 mice, were exposed under selected conditions in six different general types of instrumented above- and below-ground shelters to blast produced by nuclear explosions. The distance of the several structures from Ground Zero ranged from 1050 to 5500 ft. The most severe alterations in the pressure environment occurring inside the structures followed the detonation of a nuclear device with a yield approximately 50 per cent greater than nominal. The highest overpressure to which animals were exposed was 85.8 psi, the rise time of which was 4 msec. The overpressure endured for about 570 msec. Overpressures ranged from this maximum downward in 15 other exposure situations to a minimum of 1.3 psi enduring for nearly 1346 msec but rising to a maximum in about 420 msec. The latter pressure occurred inside a reinforced concrete bathroom shelter, which was the only surviving part of a house otherwise totally destroyed, at 4700 ft where the outside incident pressure was about 5 psi. Following the nuclear explosions, all animals were recovered, examined, sacrificed, and subjected to gross and microscopic pathological study. All lesions were tabulated and described. The results of pressure-time data, documenting the variations on the pressure environment, are presented and analyzed, and an exploratory attempt is made to relate the alterations in the pressure environment to the associated pathology observed. A critical review of selected material from the blast and related literature is presented. All data are discussed, and the several problems related to the design and construction of protective shelters are noted and briefly, but analytically, assessed.
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Category : Atomic bomb
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Book Description
In two series of experiments 277 experimental animals, including 66 dogs, 52 rabbits, 52 guinea pigs, 63 rats, and 44 mice, were exposed under selected conditions in six different general types of instrumented above- and below-ground shelters to blast produced by nuclear explosions. The distance of the several structures from Ground Zero ranged from 1050 to 5500 ft. The most severe alterations in the pressure environment occurring inside the structures followed the detonation of a nuclear device with a yield approximately 50 per cent greater than nominal. The highest overpressure to which animals were exposed was 85.8 psi, the rise time of which was 4 msec. The overpressure endured for about 570 msec. Overpressures ranged from this maximum downward in 15 other exposure situations to a minimum of 1.3 psi enduring for nearly 1346 msec but rising to a maximum in about 420 msec. The latter pressure occurred inside a reinforced concrete bathroom shelter, which was the only surviving part of a house otherwise totally destroyed, at 4700 ft where the outside incident pressure was about 5 psi. Following the nuclear explosions, all animals were recovered, examined, sacrificed, and subjected to gross and microscopic pathological study. All lesions were tabulated and described. The results of pressure-time data, documenting the variations on the pressure environment, are presented and analyzed, and an exploratory attempt is made to relate the alterations in the pressure environment to the associated pathology observed. A critical review of selected material from the blast and related literature is presented. All data are discussed, and the several problems related to the design and construction of protective shelters are noted and briefly, but analytically, assessed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
In two series of experiments 277 experimental animals, including 66 dogs, 52 rabbits, 52 guinea pigs, 63 rats, and 44 mice, were exposed under selected conditions in six different general types of instrumented above- and belowground shelters to blast produced by nuclear explosions. The distance of the several structures from Ground Zero ranged from 1050 to 5500 ft. The most severe alterations in the pressure environment occurring inside the structures followed the detonation of a nuclear device with a yield approximately 50% greater than nominal. The highest overpressure to which animals were exposed was 85.8 psi, the rise time of which was 4 msec. The overpressure endured for about 570 msec. Overpressures ranged from this maximum downward in 15 other exposure situations to a minimum of 1.3 psi enduring for nearly 1346 msec but rising to a maximum in about 420 msec. The latter pressure occurred inside a reinforced concrete bathroom shelter, which was the only surviving part of a house otherwise totally destroyed, at 4700 ft where the outside incident pressure was about 5 psi. Following the nuclear explosions, all animals were recovered, examined, sacrificed, and subjected to gross and microscopic pathological study. All lesions were tabulated and described. The results of pressure-time data, documenting the variations on the pressure environment, are presented and analyzed, and an exploratory attempt is made to relate the alterations in the pressure environment to the associated pathology observed. A critical review of selected material from the blast and related literature is presented. All data are discussed, and the several problems related to the design and construction of protective shelters are noted and briefly, but analytically, assessed. The most outstanding contribution of the field experiments and the related study of the literature was the unequivocal demonstration that the provision of adequate protective structures can indeed be an effective means of sharply reducing casualties which would otherwise be associated with the detonation of modern large-scale explosive devices. (auth).
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Category : Blast injuries
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Author: United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Special Subcommittee on Radiation
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear warfare
Languages : en
Pages : 1004
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Author: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atomic bomb
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Author: V. C. Goldizen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Blast effect
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Fourteen dogs were exposed on the lee side of planted gravel, of a concrete-block wall, and of glass mounted in the open and in houses to the environmental variations associated with full-scale nuclear detonations. Aluminum foil was used to protect the animals from thermal effects. The feasibility of utilizing missile data, along with other available information from the literature, as a means of quantitatively assessing biologic hazard was established by the close correspondence between observed and predicted dangerous wounds.
Author: R. V. Taborelli
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Blast effect
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Author: Victor R. Clare
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Blast effect
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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A total of 308 guinea pigs were exposed to air blast in 4 close-fitting, shallow, rectangular chambers mounted on the top, bottom and sides of an air-driven shock tube. With a reflecting plate at the downstream edge of the chambers, the animals were exposed to long-duration shock overpressures that initially rose in a single step. The LD50-24-hr reflected pressure calculated from grouping all positions was 36.2! 0.8 psi. By moving the reflecting plate to various distances downstream of the chambers, shock overpressures that initially rose in two steps were applied. The results were that the animals' tolerances to overpressure rose as the time between pressure steps was increased. Comparison of the LD50's obtained with animals in each chamber revealed that there was not a significant statistical difference in their tolerances, whether they were loaded initially with the single-step pulse from their right, left, dorsal or ventral surfaces. (Author).
Author: United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear energy
Languages : en
Pages : 1078
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