Occurrence and Distribution of Microbiological Contamination and Enteric Viruses in Shallow Ground Water in Baltimore and Hartford Counties, Maryland, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4216, 2002 PDF Download
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Author: Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: William S. L. Banks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Government publications
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Author: William S. L. Banks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Groundwater
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
Author: Donna S. Francy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Enteroviruses
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author:
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Category : Enteroviruses
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Enteroviruses
Languages : en
Pages : 235
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A two-part study was conducted by University of Tennessee-Knoxville, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-National Exposure Research Laboratory to (1) develop, validate, and test a realtime reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (real−time RT−PCR) assay for enteroviruses in ground water samples and to (2) perform the first survey of enteric viral occurrence in the karst aquifers of East Tennessee. Karst aquifers are expected to have a high susceptibility to viral contamination because of the rapid flow (100ʹs of m/day) and frequent occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria typically observed in these systems. Real−time RT−PCR primers and probes specific for enteroviruses were developed and tested at the University of Tennesseeʹs Center for Environmental Biotechnology (UTCEB). The real−time RT−PCR assay was validated using co−standards: attenuated poliovirus and a DNA plasmid constructed at UTCEB (cDNA to the attenuated poliovirus). The assay was confirmed to have good PCR efficiency, reproducibility, and sensitivity. The real−time RT−PCR assay was quantitative over 6 orders of magnitude and had low minimum detection limits (0.5 plaque forming units (PFU) of the attenuated poliovirus per reaction and 10 copies of the DNA plasmid per reaction). In the field study, eight wells and springs used as raw water sources for East Tennessee public ground water systems were sampled between March and August of 2004. The wells and springs were sampled one to two times under baseflow conditions. The ground water samples were tested for enteroviruses and reoviruses by cell culture methods (total culturable viruses), enteroviruses and reoviruses by conventional RT−PCR, enteroviruses by the real−time RT−PCR assay developed at UTCEB, fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli and Bacteroides), total coliforms, and physical and chemical waterquality parameters. The wells and springs were chosen on the basis of prior monitoring of E. coli and geochemical parameters, their hydrogeologic settings, and the presence or absence of likely input sources of fecal contamination to the ground water supplies. Four sites were designated as ʺhigh riskʺ for fecal contamination and four sites were designated as ʺlow riskʺ for fecal contamination. ʺHigh riskʺ sites were expected to have higher occurrences and concentrations of enteric viruses as well as other indicators of fecal contamination, such as Bacteroides and E. coli, than ʺlow riskʺ sites. The major results of the field study were: (1) 88% of the wells and springs sampled were positive for culturable viruses (concentrations ranged from 2 MPN/100 mLto 156 MPN/100 mL), (2) 75% of the wells and springs were positive for at least one of the indicator organisms, (3) None of the wells or springs were positive for enteric viruses using the conventional RT−PCR or real−time RT−PCR methods, and (4) ʺHigh riskʺ sites had more frequent detections of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria than ʺlow riskʺ sites. However, only total coliform concentrations were statistically different (higher) between ʺhigh riskʺ and ʺlow riskʺ sites. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between total culturable virus concentrations and total coliform concentrations. Of the fecal indicators, Bacteroides had the highest co-occurrence with enteric viruses.
Author: Katrina Schneider
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 128
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Author: Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Author: Robert H. Armon
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401794995
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1061
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Book Description
Environmental indicators are the first line of warning against hazards caused by humans or nature catastrophes to prevent diseases and death of living organisms. The present book covers a large variety of environmental indicators from physical-chemistry through economical, bioinformatics, electromagnetic irradiation and health aspects, all dealing with environmental pollution. This volume has been intended to environmentalists, engineers, scientists and policy makers as well to anybody interested in the latest development in the indicator field.
