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Author: E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Author: E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report provides current practice measurement methods for quantifying nonvolatile particle matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This document contains detailed information for many instruments and techniques, described in AIR5892A, that have been applied in aircraft engine field tests since AIR5892A was first issued in April 2003. There are four sections, identified as Technical Appendices (TA), presenting measurement techniques, sampling, and quantification of nonvolatile particles. The sections are written in the format of Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents and intended to progress to recommended practices upon overcoming existing technical challenges. Many important technical advances have been accomplished that comprise the Aircraft Engine Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development techniques described in TA A: Particle Mass,TA B: particle Number and Size,TA C: Particle Sampling, and TA D: Calculation of Particle Number and particle Mass Emission Indices.Various measurement methodologies and operability and compatibility issues are described within the TAs. The TAs briefly discuss degrees of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and test operations acceptability for each measurement discipline. They reflect that many important technical advances have been accomplished for measurement techniques of nonvolatile particles. Additional research is required to transition the TAs to Aerospace Recommended Practices. This Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for nonvolatile exhaust particle measurements at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. Multiple methods are described in each of the four technical appendices to this report, to determine particle mass, particle number and size, sampling, and quantification. Each method for particle mass, particle number, and size measurement technique is introduced and organized by common sections: equipment, analyzer routines, calibration standards, system layout, test procedure, data flow, and calculation of results. The sections describing sampling and quantification methods are applicable to any of the measurement methods. This common approach is used because the methods are intended for review and evaluation in testing environments, which provides a path to further develop some, or all, methods into recommended practices. Additional research is needed on calibration sources and standards, probe design, sample collection, representative sampling, and inter-instrument characterization and comparison.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This SAE Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for measurements of nonvolatile exhaust particles at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The described methods represent a means of determining particle mass concentration, particle number concentration, and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for smoke number.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for correcting measured non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data for particle losses in the sampling and measurement system specified in ARP6320. This technique is only recommended for conditions where both nvPM mass and number concentration measurements are in the valid measurement ranges of the instruments which are discussed in the tool limitations section. This ARP also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The body of the ARP details the recommended calculation method, uncertainties and limitations of the system loss correction factors. It explains, in detail, the required inputs and outputs from the supplied Excel® software tool (developed on Windows 7, Excel® 2016). Also included are: The Excel® correction tools (Attachments I and V). Installation instructions for a Windows based computer (Attachment II). A user technical manual (Attachment III) describing functions used within the tool and optional Excel® add-in (Attachment VI). Multiple Sample Test Cases (Attachment IV).The Excel® tools are intended to do the full calculation described in AIR6504. This ARP provides documentation for the Excel® spreadsheet system loss tool lite version (nvPM System Loss Tool v2_5_Lite.xlsm). The difference between the full tool and lite tool is described in Appendix C. Attachments III and VI are also described in Appendix C. If the user has produced her/his own software for the AIR6504 correction, comparison of results from this tool may be used to verify that software.This ARP does not contain the full description of the sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320. The correction technique is only briefly discussed in this ARP. More detailed information is provided in the AIR6054. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for estimating non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane (EENEP) of an aircraft gas turbine engine. This ARP details the process for determining sampling and measurement system particle loss correction factors that will allow non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data measured at the ARP6320 [Reference 2.1.1.1] instruments to be adjusted to represent values at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. It also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The nvPM sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320 has significant size dependent particle losses. These can be up to approximately 50% for nvPM mass concentration and up to approximately 90% for nvPM number concentration. The particle losses are size dependent and hence are dependent on engine operating condition, combustor technology and possibly other factors. Estimation of EENEP nvPM mass and number concentrations is improved by accounting for these losses.AIR6504 [Reference 2.1.1.2] discusses nvPM loss mechanisms in detail. AIR6504 also summarizes the technique to estimate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, using measured nvPM data and measured, or calculated, line and component penetration efficiencies. The technique described in AIR6504 requires the numerical solution of a set of non-linear equations.This ARP6481 summarizes the loss correction factor calculation method discussed in AIR6504 and supplies an Excel® tool to solve the non-linear equations.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile PM (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods.Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction factors can vary as a function of many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition.Implementation of the nvPM sampling and measurement system for aircraft engine testing, as per AIR6037, requires a sample line of up to 35 m and includes several sampling and measurement system components, which result in significant particle loss on the order of 50% for nvPM mass and 90% for nvPM number.The system loss correction factors are estimated based on a model with the following inputs and assumptions: engine exhaust exit plane nvPM have a lognormal distribution, known size dependent values of nvPM effective density and geometric standard deviation, a minimum particle size cut-off of 10 nm, and no coagulation. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for calculating correction factors to account for system particle losses when performing non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) measurement as specified in AIR6037. Such sampling and measurement systems have significant line length and several components that result in particle losses. The particle losses are size dependent and hence depend on many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition resulting in a reduction in measurement of the order of 50% for nvPM mass concentration and 90% for nvPM number concentration. Estimation of engine exit plane nvPM mass and number concentrations are improved by developing a calculation method to account for these losses. The approach used in this AIR will involve separate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, which will be calculated using measured or calculated line and component penetration efficiencies. These calculations will be based on assumptions of a lognormal particle size distribution at the engine exit with a known associated lognormal width, and an equivalent spherical particle shape with a corresponding known effective particle density. These resulting correction factors will then be used to estimate the total particle losses in the sampling and measurement system for nvPM mass and number, and will thus be used to infer the engine exit plane concentrations of nvPM mass and number. AIR6504 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE Five-Year Review policy.
Author: Emily S. Nelson
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1136318194
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 493
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Book Description
Aircraft emissions currently account for ~3.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The number of passenger miles has increased by 5% annually despite 9/11, two wars and gloomy economic conditions. Since aircraft have no viable alternative to the internal combustion engine, improvements in aircraft efficiency and alternative fuel development become essential. This book comprehensively covers the relevant issues in green aviation. Environmental impacts, technology advances, public policy and economics are intricately linked to the pace of development that will be realized in the coming decades. Experts from NASA, industry and academia review current technology development in green aviation that will carry the industry through 2025 and beyond. This includes increased efficiency through better propulsion systems, reduced drag airframes, advanced materials and operational changes. Clean combustion and emission control of noise, exhaust gases and particulates are also addressed through combustor design and the use of alternative fuels. Economic imperatives from aircraft lifetime and maintenance logistics dictate the drive for "drop-in" fuels, blending jet-grade and biofuel. New certification standards for alternative fuels are outlined. Life Cycle Assessments are used to evaluate worldwide biofuel approaches, highlighting that there is no single rational approach for sustainable buildup. In fact, unless local conditions are considered, the use of biofuels can create a net increase in environmental impact as a result of biofuel manufacturing processes. Governmental experts evaluate current and future regulations and their impact on green aviation. Sustainable approaches to biofuel development are discussed for locations around the globe, including the US, EU, Brazil, China and India.
Author: Timothy V Johnson
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768017076
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 374
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Book Description
Until recently, the complexity of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system has hindered its commercial success. Stringent regulations of diesel emissions has lead to advancements in this technology, therefore mainstreaming the use of DPFs in light- and heavy-duty diesel filtration applications. This book covers the latest and most important research in DPF systems, focusing mainly on the advancements of the years 2002-2006. Editor Timothy V. Johnson selected the top 29 SAE papers covering the most significant research in this technology.
