Author: Daniel Sobel
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472946367
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is one of the most insidious social injustices in the developed world. It is a significant factor in the growing inequality of our societies and persists across time and nations. For this reason, narrowing the gap is a top priority for governments and policymakers, and an issue that all schools must tackle. Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Narrowing the Attainment Gap is designed to support school leaders in understanding and reducing the attainment gap in the context of their setting. Drawing on research and his own extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel examines the real issues behind the attainment gap and the barriers schools face when trying to narrow it. The book provides a unique approach with hands-on, practical guidance to enable every school leader to develop their own bespoke solutions to meet the needs of their community. Case studies and examples illustrate how these interventions can be put into practice and the impact they can have, while template resources help schools demonstrate to stakeholders the change they are driving at an individual, cohort and whole-school level.
Narrowing the Attainment Gap: A handbook for schools
Author: Daniel Sobel
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472946367
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is one of the most insidious social injustices in the developed world. It is a significant factor in the growing inequality of our societies and persists across time and nations. For this reason, narrowing the gap is a top priority for governments and policymakers, and an issue that all schools must tackle. Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Narrowing the Attainment Gap is designed to support school leaders in understanding and reducing the attainment gap in the context of their setting. Drawing on research and his own extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel examines the real issues behind the attainment gap and the barriers schools face when trying to narrow it. The book provides a unique approach with hands-on, practical guidance to enable every school leader to develop their own bespoke solutions to meet the needs of their community. Case studies and examples illustrate how these interventions can be put into practice and the impact they can have, while template resources help schools demonstrate to stakeholders the change they are driving at an individual, cohort and whole-school level.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472946367
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is one of the most insidious social injustices in the developed world. It is a significant factor in the growing inequality of our societies and persists across time and nations. For this reason, narrowing the gap is a top priority for governments and policymakers, and an issue that all schools must tackle. Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Narrowing the Attainment Gap is designed to support school leaders in understanding and reducing the attainment gap in the context of their setting. Drawing on research and his own extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel examines the real issues behind the attainment gap and the barriers schools face when trying to narrow it. The book provides a unique approach with hands-on, practical guidance to enable every school leader to develop their own bespoke solutions to meet the needs of their community. Case studies and examples illustrate how these interventions can be put into practice and the impact they can have, while template resources help schools demonstrate to stakeholders the change they are driving at an individual, cohort and whole-school level.
Narrowing the Attainment Gap: A handbook for schools
Author: Daniel Sobel
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472946359
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is one of the most insidious social injustices in the developed world. It is a significant factor in the growing inequality of our societies and persists across time and nations. For this reason, narrowing the gap is a top priority for governments and policymakers, and an issue that all schools must tackle. Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Narrowing the Attainment Gap is designed to support school leaders in understanding and reducing the attainment gap in the context of their setting. Drawing on research and his own extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel examines the real issues behind the attainment gap and the barriers schools face when trying to narrow it. The book provides a unique approach with hands-on, practical guidance to enable every school leader to develop their own bespoke solutions to meet the needs of their community. Case studies and examples illustrate how these interventions can be put into practice and the impact they can have, while template resources help schools demonstrate to stakeholders the change they are driving at an individual, cohort and whole-school level.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472946359
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is one of the most insidious social injustices in the developed world. It is a significant factor in the growing inequality of our societies and persists across time and nations. For this reason, narrowing the gap is a top priority for governments and policymakers, and an issue that all schools must tackle. Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Narrowing the Attainment Gap is designed to support school leaders in understanding and reducing the attainment gap in the context of their setting. Drawing on research and his own extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel examines the real issues behind the attainment gap and the barriers schools face when trying to narrow it. The book provides a unique approach with hands-on, practical guidance to enable every school leader to develop their own bespoke solutions to meet the needs of their community. Case studies and examples illustrate how these interventions can be put into practice and the impact they can have, while template resources help schools demonstrate to stakeholders the change they are driving at an individual, cohort and whole-school level.
Overcoming Disadvantage in Education
Author: Stephen Gorard
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135009538
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 214
Book Description
Governments, local authorities, school leaders, and teachers all over the world want to improve the educational attainment and participation of all students, and to minimise any systematic differences in outcomes for social and economic groups. A particular concern is for those students from backgrounds that may objectively disadvantage them at school and beyond. However, considerable effort and money is currently being wasted on policies, practices and interventions that have very little hope of success, and that may indeed endanger the progress that is being made otherwise. The poor quality of much education research evidence, coupled with an unwillingness among users of evidence to discriminate appropriately between what we know and do not know, means that opportunities are being missed. At a time of reduced public spending it is important that proposed interventions are both effective and efficient. Overcoming Disadvantage in Education is unique in the way that it: Shows where the solutions to underachievement and poverty lie combines primary(new), secondary (official) and published (review) evidence distinguishes between those possible causes of underachievement that are largely fixed for individuals, and those that are modifiable. There are evidence-informed ways forward in handling under-achievement and increasing social justice in education. This book shows which the more likely approaches are, and where further work could yield further benefits. This book will be a key text for students, developing academic researchers and supervisors in the social sciences, and for those research users charged with improving educational outcomes.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135009538
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 214
Book Description
Governments, local authorities, school leaders, and teachers all over the world want to improve the educational attainment and participation of all students, and to minimise any systematic differences in outcomes for social and economic groups. A particular concern is for those students from backgrounds that may objectively disadvantage them at school and beyond. However, considerable effort and money is currently being wasted on policies, practices and interventions that have very little hope of success, and that may indeed endanger the progress that is being made otherwise. The poor quality of much education research evidence, coupled with an unwillingness among users of evidence to discriminate appropriately between what we know and do not know, means that opportunities are being missed. At a time of reduced public spending it is important that proposed interventions are both effective and efficient. Overcoming Disadvantage in Education is unique in the way that it: Shows where the solutions to underachievement and poverty lie combines primary(new), secondary (official) and published (review) evidence distinguishes between those possible causes of underachievement that are largely fixed for individuals, and those that are modifiable. There are evidence-informed ways forward in handling under-achievement and increasing social justice in education. This book shows which the more likely approaches are, and where further work could yield further benefits. This book will be a key text for students, developing academic researchers and supervisors in the social sciences, and for those research users charged with improving educational outcomes.
The Inclusive Classroom
Author: Daniel Sobel
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472977890
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 177
Book Description
Effective inclusion in the classroom shouldn't be a burden; it should be the most rewarding aspect of a teacher's role. 'An excellent guide to changing approaches to inclusion and creating a culture where all children can flourish.' SEN Magazine In this innovative guide to supporting the most vulnerable students, experts Daniel Sobel and Sara Alston help primary and secondary teachers understand the barriers to children's learning. Emphasising the importance of meeting needs rather than focusing on diagnosis, they provide proven differentiation methods that maximise learning for the whole class, while reducing stress and saving time for the teacher. Guiding teachers through all the different phases of a single lesson, from starters to plenaries, the unique format of The Inclusive Classroom will help bring inclusion to the forefront of any lesson plan. Each chapter contains simple, effective actions to differentiate and improve learning outcomes for students vulnerable to underachievement, including those traditionally labelled SEN, EAL, pupil premium, looked after and young carers. Also provided are back-up ideas for when things don't go to plan, real-life anecdotes from teachers, and instructions on how to rethink traditional diagnoses and instead prioritise strengths and participation needs.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472977890
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 177
Book Description
Effective inclusion in the classroom shouldn't be a burden; it should be the most rewarding aspect of a teacher's role. 'An excellent guide to changing approaches to inclusion and creating a culture where all children can flourish.' SEN Magazine In this innovative guide to supporting the most vulnerable students, experts Daniel Sobel and Sara Alston help primary and secondary teachers understand the barriers to children's learning. Emphasising the importance of meeting needs rather than focusing on diagnosis, they provide proven differentiation methods that maximise learning for the whole class, while reducing stress and saving time for the teacher. Guiding teachers through all the different phases of a single lesson, from starters to plenaries, the unique format of The Inclusive Classroom will help bring inclusion to the forefront of any lesson plan. Each chapter contains simple, effective actions to differentiate and improve learning outcomes for students vulnerable to underachievement, including those traditionally labelled SEN, EAL, pupil premium, looked after and young carers. Also provided are back-up ideas for when things don't go to plan, real-life anecdotes from teachers, and instructions on how to rethink traditional diagnoses and instead prioritise strengths and participation needs.
The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy
Author: Rosemary Papa
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119218446
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 575
Book Description
Illuminates the multiple barriers that plague the education system and shows the way toward enlightened and inclusive educational policy and policymaking This book showcases new scholarship in the broad field of education policy and governance. Authored by some of the field’s foremost scholars, as well as new and up-and-coming academics, this definitive handbook offers a range of cultural, economic, and political perspectives on the state of education policy today. It addresses historic, current, and future education policy—incorporating changing social landscapes of education, economy, and policy. The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy covers the role of politics in education governance; the politics of philanthropy and for-profits; the culture and economy of professional organizations; the governance of technology integration; and future political realities to global citizenry. Themes and topics range not only across early childhood, K-12, and tertiary forms of schooling, but also across the policy questions and concerns that transcend these distinctions. Each chapter features key words, key questions, conclusions, and thought-provoking ideas that provoke readers to think about ways to improve the current conditions under which educational policy-makers work. Provides a traditional understanding of educational policy Shows how educational policy has changed due to the boom of private funding Explores the changing demographics in education populations over the last 40 years Discusses policies and the ethics of using and overseeing technology in teaching and learning environments Looks at future trends from contemporary political origins The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy is an important book that should be read by every administrator, policy maker, and educator working in the education system.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119218446
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 575
Book Description
Illuminates the multiple barriers that plague the education system and shows the way toward enlightened and inclusive educational policy and policymaking This book showcases new scholarship in the broad field of education policy and governance. Authored by some of the field’s foremost scholars, as well as new and up-and-coming academics, this definitive handbook offers a range of cultural, economic, and political perspectives on the state of education policy today. It addresses historic, current, and future education policy—incorporating changing social landscapes of education, economy, and policy. The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy covers the role of politics in education governance; the politics of philanthropy and for-profits; the culture and economy of professional organizations; the governance of technology integration; and future political realities to global citizenry. Themes and topics range not only across early childhood, K-12, and tertiary forms of schooling, but also across the policy questions and concerns that transcend these distinctions. Each chapter features key words, key questions, conclusions, and thought-provoking ideas that provoke readers to think about ways to improve the current conditions under which educational policy-makers work. Provides a traditional understanding of educational policy Shows how educational policy has changed due to the boom of private funding Explores the changing demographics in education populations over the last 40 years Discusses policies and the ethics of using and overseeing technology in teaching and learning environments Looks at future trends from contemporary political origins The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy is an important book that should be read by every administrator, policy maker, and educator working in the education system.
School, Family, and Community Partnerships
Author: Joyce L. Epstein
Publisher: Corwin Press
ISBN: 1483320014
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 508
Book Description
Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.
Publisher: Corwin Press
ISBN: 1483320014
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 508
Book Description
Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.
Equitable Education
Author: Sameena Choudry
Publisher: Critical Publishing
ISBN: 1914171004
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
Never has a book on social justice and equitable education been so relevant. Recent events have highlighted the huge attainment gaps that exist for many pupils within the education system because of factors outside of their control. As the diversity of the pupil population increases, it is more important than ever to develop the skills, knowledge and understanding within the teaching profession around issues of equality and inclusion. This book provides trainees and teachers with an in-depth understanding of the complex issues related to the attainment of key groups of disadvantaged pupils, and practical strategies that can be deployed to address these gaps. Chapters focus on social class, gender, English as an additional language, minority ethnic achievement, gypsy, Roma and travellers, refugee and asylum seekers, and those with special educational needs and disabilities. The book takes a stark look at the evidence and statistics, provides an overview of the key issues and considerations for each particular group, and suggests key resources and examples of good practice, along with case studies and points for reflection. Ultimately it encourages you to have high expectations of your pupils and to truly believe that you can help them realise their ambitions and aspirations.
Publisher: Critical Publishing
ISBN: 1914171004
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
Never has a book on social justice and equitable education been so relevant. Recent events have highlighted the huge attainment gaps that exist for many pupils within the education system because of factors outside of their control. As the diversity of the pupil population increases, it is more important than ever to develop the skills, knowledge and understanding within the teaching profession around issues of equality and inclusion. This book provides trainees and teachers with an in-depth understanding of the complex issues related to the attainment of key groups of disadvantaged pupils, and practical strategies that can be deployed to address these gaps. Chapters focus on social class, gender, English as an additional language, minority ethnic achievement, gypsy, Roma and travellers, refugee and asylum seekers, and those with special educational needs and disabilities. The book takes a stark look at the evidence and statistics, provides an overview of the key issues and considerations for each particular group, and suggests key resources and examples of good practice, along with case studies and points for reflection. Ultimately it encourages you to have high expectations of your pupils and to truly believe that you can help them realise their ambitions and aspirations.
Obstetrics for Schools
Author: Rachel Macfarlane
Publisher: Crown House Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1785835653
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
In Obstetrics for Schools: A guide to eliminating failure and ensuring the safe delivery of all learners, Rachel Macfarlane presents a powerful manifesto for school leaders and teachers on how they can bridge the advantage gap and deliver positive outcomes for all pupils. In most parts of the world, the death of a baby in childbirth is now a rare tragedy rather than a common occurrence - and it would be considered shocking for medical staff to accept a significant infant fatality rate. It's also inconceivable that a hospital would have a successful delivery target much below 100%. How could anything else be acceptable in this day and age? Yet there is an expectation, and acceptance, of 'baked in' educational failure for around a third of 16-year-olds in UK schools each year. Such outcomes need addressing, and this book does just that. In Obstetrics for Schools, Rachel Macfarlane draws on her experience as a head teacher and system leader to share a multitude of practical strategies for overcoming potential barriers to success, presenting case studies and examples of effective practice from schools across the country. The book illustrates an up-to-date and research-informed picture of the current state of the education system and offers sage guidance on how schools can do more for each and every student. In doing so, Rachel provides a range of fresh approaches to school provision which have been proven to have an impact in a variety of challenging contexts. Each chapter focuses on a key potential barrier to success and offers school leaders and practitioners a range of strategies to help dismantle them. The book also provides guidance on strategic planning, as well as a variety of ideas and inspiration for staff training. Suitable for school leaders and teachers in all phases, from early years to sixth form, and in both mainstream and special education.
Publisher: Crown House Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1785835653
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
In Obstetrics for Schools: A guide to eliminating failure and ensuring the safe delivery of all learners, Rachel Macfarlane presents a powerful manifesto for school leaders and teachers on how they can bridge the advantage gap and deliver positive outcomes for all pupils. In most parts of the world, the death of a baby in childbirth is now a rare tragedy rather than a common occurrence - and it would be considered shocking for medical staff to accept a significant infant fatality rate. It's also inconceivable that a hospital would have a successful delivery target much below 100%. How could anything else be acceptable in this day and age? Yet there is an expectation, and acceptance, of 'baked in' educational failure for around a third of 16-year-olds in UK schools each year. Such outcomes need addressing, and this book does just that. In Obstetrics for Schools, Rachel Macfarlane draws on her experience as a head teacher and system leader to share a multitude of practical strategies for overcoming potential barriers to success, presenting case studies and examples of effective practice from schools across the country. The book illustrates an up-to-date and research-informed picture of the current state of the education system and offers sage guidance on how schools can do more for each and every student. In doing so, Rachel provides a range of fresh approaches to school provision which have been proven to have an impact in a variety of challenging contexts. Each chapter focuses on a key potential barrier to success and offers school leaders and practitioners a range of strategies to help dismantle them. The book also provides guidance on strategic planning, as well as a variety of ideas and inspiration for staff training. Suitable for school leaders and teachers in all phases, from early years to sixth form, and in both mainstream and special education.
Second International Handbook of Urban Education
Author: William T. Pink
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319403176
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 1363
Book Description
This second handbook offers all new content in which readers will find a thoughtful and measured interrogation of significant contemporary thinking and practice in urban education. Each chapter reflects contemporary cutting-edge issues in urban education as defined by their local context. One important theme that runs throughout this handbook is how urban is defined, and under what conditions the marginalized are served by the schools they attend. Schooling continues to hold a special place both as a means to achieve social mobility and as a mechanism for supporting the economy of nations. This second handbook focuses on factors such as social stratification, segmentation, segregation, racialization, urbanization, class formation and maintenance, and patriarchy. The central concern is to explore how equity plays out for those traditionally marginalized in urban schools in different locations around the globe. Researchers will find an analysis framework that will make the current practice and outcomes of urban education, and their alternatives, more transparent, and in turn this will lead to solutions that can help improve the life-options for students historically underserved by urban schools.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319403176
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 1363
Book Description
This second handbook offers all new content in which readers will find a thoughtful and measured interrogation of significant contemporary thinking and practice in urban education. Each chapter reflects contemporary cutting-edge issues in urban education as defined by their local context. One important theme that runs throughout this handbook is how urban is defined, and under what conditions the marginalized are served by the schools they attend. Schooling continues to hold a special place both as a means to achieve social mobility and as a mechanism for supporting the economy of nations. This second handbook focuses on factors such as social stratification, segmentation, segregation, racialization, urbanization, class formation and maintenance, and patriarchy. The central concern is to explore how equity plays out for those traditionally marginalized in urban schools in different locations around the globe. Researchers will find an analysis framework that will make the current practice and outcomes of urban education, and their alternatives, more transparent, and in turn this will lead to solutions that can help improve the life-options for students historically underserved by urban schools.
Leading on Pastoral Care
Author: Daniel Sobel
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472958411
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Leading on Pastoral Care assists leaders and SENCOs in primary and secondary schools in managing the most difficult aspects of providing effective pastoral care, such as paperwork, time, confrontational parents and Ofsted. 'Sobel writes in an engaging style that reflects his commitment to supporting schools in developing effective strategies to deal with emotional trauma and complex needs.... This is an excellent book.' SEN Magazine Drawing on research and his extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel presents tried-and-tested strategies, tools and tips to support the welfare of and improve outcomes for the most challenged and vulnerable students, all backed by case studies and real-life examples. Pastoral care – being responsible for the welfare and progress of all students, particularly the most vulnerable – is an essential part of any leadership or SENCO role. However, one of the most significant challenges in providing such care is being able to manage resources as well as staff, students, parents and external agencies, especially when time and money are scarce. It is all too easy for schools to expend time and money to support their most vulnerable students, but there are many solutions that can be put into practice to provide the best pastoral care as efficiently and effectively as possible. This book is essential reading for all primary and secondary middle leaders, senior leaders and SENCOs who wish to provide the best support possible for their most vulnerable students, all while reducing pressure, stress and workload for themselves and their staff.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1472958411
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
Written by a leading expert in the field of inclusion, Leading on Pastoral Care assists leaders and SENCOs in primary and secondary schools in managing the most difficult aspects of providing effective pastoral care, such as paperwork, time, confrontational parents and Ofsted. 'Sobel writes in an engaging style that reflects his commitment to supporting schools in developing effective strategies to deal with emotional trauma and complex needs.... This is an excellent book.' SEN Magazine Drawing on research and his extensive experience in leading a team that has worked with over 1,000 schools, Daniel Sobel presents tried-and-tested strategies, tools and tips to support the welfare of and improve outcomes for the most challenged and vulnerable students, all backed by case studies and real-life examples. Pastoral care – being responsible for the welfare and progress of all students, particularly the most vulnerable – is an essential part of any leadership or SENCO role. However, one of the most significant challenges in providing such care is being able to manage resources as well as staff, students, parents and external agencies, especially when time and money are scarce. It is all too easy for schools to expend time and money to support their most vulnerable students, but there are many solutions that can be put into practice to provide the best pastoral care as efficiently and effectively as possible. This book is essential reading for all primary and secondary middle leaders, senior leaders and SENCOs who wish to provide the best support possible for their most vulnerable students, all while reducing pressure, stress and workload for themselves and their staff.